Legal aspect of fraud in yacht hull insurance – boats for sport and leisure

Autori u radu razmatraju primjenu načela savjesnosti i poštenja kod ispunjenja ugovora o osiguranju jahti (plovila za sport i razonodu). Ovim radom autori ukazuju na opseg u kojem nepoštovanje navedenog načela ima učinka na primjenu načela odštete kao temeljnog načela ugovornog odnosa pomorskog osiguranja, tj. osigurateljeve ugovorne obveze isplate naknade štete osiguraniku. Predmet analize autora u ovom radu odnosi se na osigurateljnopravni i kaznenopravni aspekt pravnih posljedica počinjenja prijevara u osiguranju u primjeni hrvatskog zakonodavstva, uz upućivanje i analizu relevantne sudske prakse, te specifičnosti osigurateljnih poredbenopravnih rješenja engleske pravne doktrine i sudske prakse, osobito u odnosu na štete, isključene iz osiguranja, koje su nastale kao posljedica namjernog postupka osiguranika („wilful misconduct“). Posebitost primjene stranog prava i tumačenja relevantne sudske prakse ukazuje na problematiku interpretacije svrhovitosti normiranja i shvaćanja pravnih rješenja različitih pravnih sustava, pa autori u tom cilju ukazuju na potrebu jedoobraznosti instituta namjere osiguranika za nastupanje osiguranog slučaja kao štete isključene iz osiguranja. Kaznenopravnom analizom specifičnosti hrvatskog kaznenog zakonodavstva glede zasebnog normiranja kaznenog djela prijevare i zlouporabe osiguranja, autori ocjenjuju pozitivnim rješenjem odredbu čl. 238. Kaznenog zakona (čija primjena je nastupila 1. siječnja 2013. godine), budući da su u dosadašnjoj praksi stvarane poteškoće glede kvalifikacije kaznenog djela, jer je počinitelj istom radnjom ostvarivao kazneno djelo pokušaja prijevare i dovršeno kazneno djelo zlouporabe osiguranja.The authors analyze the application of the principle of good faith in performance of the yacht (boat for sport and leisure) hull insurance contract. In this work, the author indicate in which scope non-compliance with the above principles has effects on the performing of the principle of compensation as a fundamental principle of contractual relations maritime insurance, ie. the insurer\u27s contractual obligation to pay compensation for damage to the insured. The subject of authors analysis in this paper refers to insurance and criminal lefal aspect of the legal consequences of committing insurance fraud in Croatian legislation with instructing and analysis of the relevant jurisprudence and comparative law specifics insurance solutions English legal doctrine and jurisprudence in particular in relation to the damage excluded from the insurance that arise as a result of wilful action by the insured („wilful misconduct“). The particularity of the application of foreign law and the interpretation of the relevant case law indicates to a problem of interpretation and understanding the purpose of standardizing legal solutions of different legal systems so authors point to the need of equalizing institute of the insured intention for assumption of insured event as excluded losses. With criminal legal analysis the specifics of Croation criminal legislation regarding the standardization of a separate criminal offence of fraud and insurance abuse authors evaluate positive solution provision art. 238 of the Criminal Code (came into force on January, 1 2013.), since in practice been previously created difficulties regarding the criminal offense qualification because the offender has exercised the same act of attempted fraud and completed criminal offense of insurance abuse

Current Legal Issues on Air Carriers’ Obligation to Collect and Transmit Passenger Data Under the Latest European (Croatian) Regulation

Tematsku koncepciju rada čine pravna pitanja uloge i važnosti obveze zračnih prijevoznika na prikupljanje i prijenos podataka o putnicima (i o samom prijevozu) koji služe putnikovoj identifikaciji, a glede unaprjeđenja kontrole ulaska u EU. Predmetno istraživanje ujedno ima cilj izvršiti pravnu analizu pojedinih aspekata obveze zračnih prijevoznika u pogledu sustavnog prikupljanja i prenošenja brojnih osobnih podataka o putnicima radi sprečavanja, otkrivanja, istrage i kaznenog progona kaznenih djela terorizma i teških kaznenih djela. Analizirajući svrhu, doseg, kriterije i problematiku primjene postojećih pravnih rješenja na europskoj razini (Direktive 2004/82/EZ i Direktive (EU) 2016/681), autorica posebnu pozornost posvećuje razmatranju modaliteta implementacije rješenja europske pravne stečevine u hrvatski pravni poredak (Zakon o nadzoru državne granice iz 2013. godine i Zakon o prijenosu i obradi podataka o putnicima u zračnom prometu u svrhu sprječavanja, otkrivanja, istraživanja i vođenja kaznenog postupka za kaznena djela terorizma i druga teška kaznena djela iz 2018. godine). Jasno ističući bitne sadržajne razlike unutar europskih i nacionalnih pravnih rješenja, autorica naglašava važnost otvorenih pitanja necjelovito uređene obveze zračnog prijevoznika na prenošenje API podataka o putnicima iz PNR evidencije u hrvatskom pravnom sustavu. Iznoseći prijedloge de lege ferenda autorica zagovara unificiranost u tumačenju, prenošenju i primjeni europske pravne stečevine.The thematic concept of this paper comprises legal issues regarding the role and importance of air carriers’ obligation to collect and transmit passenger data (including data concerning transport itself) that serve to identify passengers with a view to improving the entry controls into the EU. This study also aims at carrying out a legal analysis of certain aspects of air carriers’ obligation with regard to the systematic collection and transmission of a high amount of personal information on passengers with a view to preventing, detecting, investigating and prosecuting terrorist offences and serious criminal offences. By analysing the purpose, scope, criteria and issues of applying the existing provisions at the European level (Directive 2004/82/EC and Directive (EU) 2016/681), the author pays special attention to the modalities of transposing European law into the Croatian legal order (State Border Control Act of 2013 and the Act on the Transmission and Processing of Air Passengers’ Data for the Prevention, Detection, Investigation and Prosecution of Terrorist Offences and Other Serious Criminal Offences of 2018). By clearly pointing out the significant content differences within the European and national provisions, the author emphasises the importance of the open issue of incomplete regulation of air carriers’ obligation to transmit API passenger data from the PNR record in the Croatian legal system. By offering proposals de lege ferenda, the author advocates uniformity in the interpretation, transposition and application of European law

SHIPOWNERS\u27 LIABILITY FOR A SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND RECYCLING OF SHIPS: EUROPEAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Autorica u radu ukazuje na pravne zasade sigurnog i ekološki prihvatljivog recikliranja brodova prema rješenjima europskih pravnih ishodišta. Iznošenjem modaliteta sustavnog nastojanja zaštite ljudskog zdravlja i morskog okoliša od negativnih učinaka recikliranja starih brodova na plažama trećih zemalja, odredbe Međunarodne konvencije o sigurnom i okolišno prihvatljivom recikliranju brodova – Hong Kong (2009) imale su neposredan učinak na nastojanje EU da unilateralnim pristupom postigne sigurnije i ekološki prihvatljivije recikliranje brodova koji plove pod zastavom države članice EU. Stoga je poseban naglasak rada stavljen na pravnu analizu Uredbe (EU) br. 1257/2013 Europskog Parlamenta i Vijeća od 20. studenoga 2013. god. o recikliranju brodova kako u odnosu na zahtjeve prema brodovlasnicima brodova država članica EU, tako i u odnosu na specifičnost rješenja o zahtjevima za brodove koji plove pod zastavom "trećih zemalja" a pristaju u luku ili sidrište države članice EU. Raspravljajući o učincima visoko postavljenih standarda recikliranja brodova na povećanje troškova poslovanja, autorica zaključuje kako će povećanje ekološko prihvatljivih standarda sigurnosti plovidbe i zaštite okoliša neupitno zahtijevati brzu i kvalitetnu prilagodbu brodovlasnika novim pravnim normama i troškovima poslovanja. Analizirajući ekološkopravna i ekonomska stajališta o utjecaju i učincima reciklažne industrije brodova na svjetsko pomorsko tržište, autorica naglašava kako se unilateralni pristup na europskoj razini – Uredba (EU) br. 1257/2013, obvezatno i u cijelosti izravno primjenjuje u državama članicama EU što s obzirom na međunarodni karakter problema sigurnog i ekološki prihvatljivog recikliranja brodova zahtijeva potrebu za postizanjem međunarodne jedoobraznosti.The author of this paper points to the legal principles of safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships with regard to the solutions of European legal origins. Presenting the modalities of systematic efforts to protect human health and the marine environment from negative effects of recycling old ships on the beaches of third countries, the International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships – Hong Kong (2009) exercised a direct impact on the EU efforts to achieve a unilateral approach to a safer and environmentally friendly recycling of ships flying the flag of a Member State. Therefore, the emphasis was placed on the legal analysis of Regulation (EU) No 1257/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on ship recycling in relation to the requirements for ships of the Member States, and in relation to specific solutions regarding the requirements for ships flying the flag of a third country when calling at a port or anchorage of a Member State. Discussing the effects of the high standards of ship recycling to an increase in the operating costs, the author concludes that the increase in environmentally friendly standards of the safety of navigation and the safety of environment will unquestionably require a fast and an efficient adjustment of the shipowners to new legal standards and operating costs. Analyzing ecological and economic perspectives on the impact and effects of the ship recycling industry on the shipping market, the author points out that unilateral approach at the European level – Regulation (EU) No 1257/2013 – is compulsory and entirely directly applicable in the Member States of the EU; this, considering the international nature of the problem of safe and environmentally friendly ship recycling, requires achieving international uniformity

Current Issues Concerning Croatian Coast Guard Role in Marine Casualty Investigation

In the Republic of Croatia significant amendments of the Maritime Code are being prepared. Among the provisions outlined in the Draft proposal for amending the Maritime Code of August 2018 there are the provisions on marine casualty investigation (defining the concept of marine casualty, dividing marine casualties on very serious marine casualties and serious marine casualties, regulating the procedure of conducting marine casualty investigations and jurisdiction for their enforcement) adopted to improve maritime safety. In view of a continuing trend towards increasing numbers of marine casualties in EU, in this paper the author points out the importance of the topic and critically analyses certain provisions of the national legal system on marine casualties safety investigation activities (Draft proposal for amending the Maritime Code of 2018, Regulation on the manner and conditions for conducting safety investigations of marine casualties and incidents of 2015 and Coast Guard Law of the Republic of Croatia of 2007). The aim of this scientific research is to detect the deficiencies in the national normative framework of Coast Guard support in marine casualty investigations (jurisdiction of the Coast Guard overlapping with jurisdictions of other authorities – nondefinition of competent authorities\u27 joint affairs – nondefinition of the power, methods and procedures of Coast Guard assistance in the investigation of marine casualties) whose removal would contribute to the improvement of the system of safety investigations into marine casualties, identification of the causes of marine casualties and quality performance of the Coast Guard which is at the forefront of ensuring maritime safety

Europeanisation of the Solvency Principle in the Croatian Insurance System of Protection of Insured Persons and Traffic Accident Victims in the Case of Insurer Bankruptcy

Autorica je u radu sučelila europsku pravnu regulativu glede primjene načela solventnosti u poslovanju osiguravajućih društava i stabilnosti fi nancijskog sustava. U radu se analizira europski sustav solventnosti društva za osiguranje i njegov izravan učinak na fi nancijsku stabilnost i ostvarivanje dugoročne profi tabilnosti osiguratelja kao preduvjete učinkovite zaštite potrošača. U kontekstu fi nancijske nesolventnosti osiguratelja te obvezatnosti osiguranja od građanskopravne odgovornosti u pogledu upotrebe motornih vozila na područjima država članica Europske unije preispituju se pravni učinci povećanja potrebnog solventnog kapitala europskih osiguratelja na odgovarajuću zaštitu potrošača. Sagledavaju se pitanja fi nanciranja nacionalnog ureda za osiguranje (Hrvatskog ureda za osiguranje), odnosno nacionalnog garancijskog fonda (Garancijskog fonda za zaštitu žrtava prometnih nesreća) kojim upravlja Hrvatski ured za osiguranje prema najnovijem europskom pravnom okviru Solventnosti II i njegova implementacija u hrvatski pravni sustav (Zakon o osiguranju, Pravilnik o načinu obračuna i rokovima uplate doprinosa te načinu vođenja i uporabi imovine namijenjene za obveze Garancijskog fonda). U središtu je pozornosti problematika pravnog statusa ugovora o osiguranju u slučaju stečaja osiguratelja (osiguranikov gubitak osigurateljnog pokrića u roku od 30 dana od otvaranja stečaja) te pravo oštećenika na podnošenje izravne tužbe prema osiguranikovu osiguratelju, tj. Hrvatskom uredu za osiguranje u slučaju osigurateljeva stečaja. U radu se prikazuju posljedice regresnog zahtjeva Hrvatskog ureda za osiguranje prema odgovornom osiguraniku čiji je osiguratelj u stečaju (tj. osiguranikova dužnost podmirivanja Hrvatskog ureda za osiguranje na temelju njegova prava regresa), ali i pravo Hrvatskog ureda za osiguranje na naknadu isplaćenog iznosa oštećeniku iz stečajne mase društva za osiguranje ubrajajući predmetne tražbine u tražbine prvog višeg isplatnog reda. Rad preispituje najnovija zakonodavna rješenja iz Zakona o obveznim osiguranjima u prometu kojima se uvodi ograničenje fi nancijskih sredstava koja se isplaćuju iz Garancijskog fonda u slučaju stečaja osiguratelja pružajući zaštitu fi nancijskom poslovanju Garancijskog fonda isamih osiguratelja koji su u prošlosti bili obvezni snositi cjelokupnu štetu. Kritički se propituje u kojoj mjeri predmetna odredba utječe na nesigurnost oštećenika u naknadi potpune štete.The author compares the European regulations in terms of application of the solvency principle in insurance business and in terms of stability of the fi nancial system. The author analyses the European regime of solvency for the insurance companies and its direct effect on the financial stability and long-term profitability of the insurer as a prerequisite for an effective consumer protection. In the context of insurer\u27s financial insolvency and the obligation of civil liability insurance in terms of motor vehicle use in the EU member states the author re-examines the legal effects of the increase of necessary solvency capital of European insurers on the appropriate consumer protection. The author considers the questions of financing of the Croatian Insurance Bureau and the National Guarantee Fund, managed by the Croatian Insurance Bureau, as regulated by the latest European legal Solvency II framework and its implementation in the Croatian legal system (Insurance Act, Ordinance on the method of calculating and time limits for paying contributions and on the manner of keeping and using assets intended for liabilities of the guarantee fund). The author focuses primarily on problems of the legal status of the insurance contract in the case of insurer bankruptcy (the insured loss of insurance coverage within 30 days from the moment the insurer declares bankruptcy) and the right of the injured party to file a legal claim against the insured insurer, i.e. the Croatian Insurance Bureau in case of insurer bankruptcy. The article shows the consequences of the regression demand of Croatian Insurance Bureau towards the liable insured persons whose insurer filed for bankruptcy (i.e. the duty of insured persons for settlement with the Croatian Insurance Bureau on the basis of their regress rights) but also Croatian Insurance Bureau\u27s right to a compensation from the debtor\u27s assets for the amount paid to the injured party by considering the claim at hand as the claim of the highest priority. The article examines the latest legislative solutions from the Act on Compulsory Insurance Within the Transport Sector which introduces a limit for the financial assets that are paid from the Guarantee Fund in case of insurer bankruptcy, thus providing protection for the financial operations of the Guarantee Fund, and also of the insurers themselves who, in the past, had to pay for the entire damage. It is questioned and critically reviewed whether and to what extent the Ordinance affects the injured party\u27s chances for a full reimbursement

Contemporary legal challenges in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport - an international and European perspective

Iznoseći pregled pravnih akata čija rješenja, kao rezultat aktivnih klimatsko-pomorskih politika na europskoj i globalnoj razini, jamče smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova u pomorskom prometu – autorica ukazuje na značaj rješenja o uvođenju obveznih, globalnih, minimalnih standarda energetske učinkovitosti brodova u međunarodnoj plovidbi. Osnovno polazište ovog istraživanja čini analiza Pravila 22A izmijenjenog Priloga VI. Konvencije MARPOL kojim se uspostavlja pravni okvir obveznog globalnog sustava prikupljanja podataka o potrošnji loživih ulja na brodovima (IMO DCS), a prema kojemu su, od 1. siječnja 2019. godine, brodari dužni prikupljati podatke o potrošnji goriva za brodove iznad 5000 BT u međunarodnoj pomorskoj plovidbi te izvještavati o potrošnji goriva od ožujka 2020. godine. U radu se posebna pozornost posvećuje analizi regulatorne aktivnosti europskog zakonodavstva iz 2019. godine u odnosu na Prijedlog Uredbe Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o izmjeni Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 i nastojanja ostvarivanja potpune usklađenosti europskog i globalnog sustava prikupljanja podataka o emisijama i potrošnji goriva na brodovima, a u cilju smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova iz pomorskog prometa. U središtu pozornosti su pitanja ocjene uspješnosti usklađivanja rješenja Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 s globalnim sustavom IMO DCS prema Prijedlogu Uredbe Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o izmjeni Uredbe (EU) 2015/757 iz 2019. godine.Presenting an overview of legal acts whose solutions, as a result of active climate and maritime policies at European and global level, guarantee the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport - the author points out the importance of the decision on the introduction of mandatory, global, minimum energy efficiency standards for ships in international shipping. The basic starting point of this research is the analysis of Rule 22A of amended Annex VI. MARPOL Convention which establishes a legal framework for the mandatory global data collection system for fuel oil consumption of ships (IMO DCS), according to which, from 1 January 2019, shipowners are required to collect fuel oil consumption data for ships above 5,000 GT and above in international shipping and to report on fuel oil consumption as of March 2020. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the regulatory activity of the European legislation of 2019 in relation to the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 and the efforts to achieve full harmonisation of the European and global system of collecting data on emissions and fuel oil consumption on ships, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport. The focus is on the assessment of the effectiveness of aligning the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 with the global IMO DCS system under the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 from 2019

Legal Challenges of Implementing the System of Monitoring Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Maritime Transport within Ports of Call under the Jurisdiction of EU Member States

The subject analysed in this paper is European achievements and legal standards for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from maritime transport. The author re-examines the ecological aspect of European maritime navigation and its important role in reducing CO2 emissions as the most important greenhouse gas. By reviewing the sources of European law relevant to this matter, the author examines European legal origins based on the provisions of Regulation (EC) No. 2015/757 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport. In order to provide a systematic overview of the European legal framework, the author also analyses provisions that complement the rules and methods for monitoring CO2 emissions from maritime transport, i.e. the provisions contained in Regulation (EC) No. 2016/1927 and Regulation (EC) No. 2016/1928. The underlying concept of this paper is a discussion concerning the provisions of the regional monitoring, reporting and verification system of CO2 emissions from maritime transport, applicable to all ships irrespective of the flag the ship flies. The author further presents and analyses the effect that the application of the relevant provisions has on the reduction of CO2 emissions in ports and the measures that the European ports of call will be authorized to take, on 1st July 2019, in the sense of checking the Document of Compliance of the ship with the provisions of Regulation (EC) No. 2015/757. Taking into account the justification and functionality of the regional approach to addressing CO2 emissions issues from ships, the author considers it necessary to achieve international uniformity in order to reduce CO2 emissions from maritime transport globally

LE CONSEGUENZE GIURIDICHE DERIVANTI DAL CONTROLLO DEI DOCUMENTI DI VIAGGIO NEGLI AEROPORTI - LA GIUSTIFICABILITA\u27 DEI MOTIVI DI DINEGO DELL\u27IMBARCO SUL VOLO

Autorica se u radu bavi pravnoteorijskom elaboracijom suzbijanja nezakonite migracije putnika u zračnom prijevozu (s naglaskom na državljane trećih zemalja) ukazujući na modalitete i pravne posljedice provođenja provjere valjanosti i vjerodostojnosti putnikovih putnih isprava prema najnovijim rješenjima schengenske pravne stečevine te ocjenjujući ulogu zračnog prijevoznika u zaštiti vanjske granice EU. Autorica ukazuje na nedovoljnu pravnu reguliranost pojmova „neodgovarajuća putna dokumentacija“ i „potrebne putne isprave“ preispitujući pravne učinke posjedovanja i predočenja neodgovarajuće putne dokumentacije kao opravdanog razloga uskraćivanja ukrcaja putnika na let prema rješenjima Uredbe (EU) 261/2004 i tumačenjima predmetne odredbe prema rješenjima Smjernica iz 2016. U tom kontekstu, cilj je rada ukazati na aktualne promjene u pogledu privatnopravne zaštite putnika prema važećim europskopravnim rješenjima, ali i na najnoviji postupak pred Sudom EU-a (slučaj C-584/18) glede tumačenja pojedinih rješenja europskopravnih propisa važećih za ovu problematiku (Uredbe (EU) 261/2004 i Uredbe (EU) 2016/399). Završno se analiziraju obveze zračnog prijevoznika snositi financijske sankcije (novčane kazne) u slučaju prijevoza putnika bez potrebne putne isprave te predlažu rješenja de lege ferenda.In this paper the author is making an elaborated analysis on the topic of countering illegal migration of air passengers (with the emphasis on third-country nationals) from a legal and theoretical standpoint, pointing out to the methods and legal consequences of verifying the validity and authenticity of passengers’ travel documents according to the latest provisions of Schengen acquis and assessing the role of the air carrier in the protection of the EU\u27s external borders. The author is drawing attention to an insufficient legal definition of the terms “inadequate travel documents” and “necessary travel documents” by examining the legal effects of possession and presentation of inadequate travel documents as a justified reason for denying boarding to passengers pursuant to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and the interpretations of the provisions in question in accordance with the Guidelines of 2016. In this context, the aim of this paper is to point out to the current changes regarding the private legal protection of passengers in conformity with the European legal provisions in force, as well as to the latest proceeding before the Court of Justice of the European Union (Case C-584/18) concerning the interpretation of certain provisions of the European regulations relevant to this issue (Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and Regulation (EU) 2016/399). The author concludes with the analysis of the air carriers\u27 obligations to pay financial sanctions (fines) in the case of carriage of passengers without the necessary travel documents and puts forward solutions de lege ferenda.Dieser Beitrag bespricht die rechtstheoretische Elaboration der Bekämpfung illegaler Migration von Flugzeugpassagieren (wobei besondere Betonung auf Staatsangehörige von Drittländern liegt), indem man auf die Modalitäten und Rechtsfolgen der Kontrolle der Gültigkeit und Glaubwürdigkeit der Reisedokumente von Passagieren gemäß den neuesten Beschlüssen des Schengen-Besitzstandes hinweist und die Rolle des Luftfahrtunternehmens beim Schutz der äußeren Grenzen der EU bewertet. Es wird auf die unzureichende Regulierung der Begriffe „unzureichende Reiseunterlagen“ und „erforderliche Reisedokumente“ hingewiesen, indem man die Rechtswirkungen des Besitzens und des Vorzeigens von unzureichenden Reiseunterlagen als berechtigten Grund für Beförderungsverweigerung gemäß der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 261/2004 und den Auslegungen der genannten Verordnung laut Beschlüssen der Leitlinien aus dem Jahr 2016 untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es das Ziel dieses Beitrags, auf aktuelle Änderungen bezüglich des privatrechtlichen Schutzes von Passagieren gemäß den gültigen europäischen Beschlüssen und des neuesten Verfahrens vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof (C-584/18) hinsichtlich der Auslegungen mancher europäischen Vorschriften, welche an diese Problematik angewandt werden (Verordnung (EG) Nr. 261/2004 und Verordnung (EU) Nr. 2016/399), hinzuweisen. Abschließend werden die Verpflichtungen des Luftfahrtunternehmens, die Geldstrafen im Falle des Transports der Passagiere ohne erforderliche Reiseunterlagen zu bezahlen, analysiert. Diesbezüglich werden Lösungen de lege ferenda vorgeschlagen.L\u27autrice nel contributo si occupa dell\u27elaborazione teorico-giuridica concernente la lotta alla migrazione illegale dei passeggeri nel trasporto aereo (con l\u27accento sui cittadini dei paesi terzi), illustrando le modalità e le conseguenze giuridiche derivanti dal controllo della validità ed autenticità dei documenti di viaggio dei viaggiatori alla luce delle più recenti soluzioni derivanti dalle regole di Schengen e valutando il ruolo del trasportatore aereo nella tutela dei confini esterni dell\u27UE. L\u27autrice sottolinea la lacunosità della disciplina della nozione di „ inadeguata documentazione di viaggio “e di „documenti di viaggio necessari“, interrogandosi all\u27uopo sulle conseguenze giuridiche della detenzione e dell\u27esibizione di documenti di viaggio non adeguati quale motivo giustificato per negare l\u27imbarco del viaggiatore ai sensi delle soluzioni prospettate dal Regolamento (UE) N. 261/2004 e delle interpretazioni di tale disposizione ai sensi della Direttiva del 2016. In tale contesto, lo scopo del contributo è di rilevare gli attuali cambiamenti nel contesto della tutela giuridica privata dei viaggiatori in forza delle soluzioni giuridiche europee attualmente esistenti, come pure alla luce dei più recenti giudizi dinnanzi alla Corte di Giustizia dell\u27UE (caso C-584/18) con riferimento all\u27interpretazione di singole norme europee vigenti in questa materia (Regolamento (UE) 261/2004 e Regolamento (UE) 2016/399). In conclusione, si disaminano gli obblighi del trasportatore aereo di sostenere le sanzioni pecuniarie nel caso di trasporto di un viaggiatore sprovvisto dei necessari documenti di viaggio, proponendo all\u27uopo delle soluzioni de lege ferenda