Moderate intensity exercise in hypoxia increases IGF-1 bioavailability and serum irisin in individuals with type 1 diabetes

Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of moderate intensity continuous exercise (Ex) and hypoxia (Hyp) on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), irisin and cytokines levels in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods:: A total of 14 individuals with T1D (age: 28.7 ± 7.3 years) and 14 healthy adults (age: 27.1 ± 3.9 years) performed 40-min continuous Ex at moderate intensity (50% lactate threshold) on a cycle ergometer in normoxia (Nor) and Hyp (FiO2 = 15.1%) Biochemical factors, glucose concentrations and physiological variables were measured at rest, immediately and up to 24 h after both Ex protocols. Results:: Patients with T1D had significantly lower pre-Ex serum concentrations of BDNF (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), and total IGF-1 (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) and significantly higher irisin levels (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) in Nor and Hyp, compared with healthy subjects. Ex significantly increased in T1D group serum BDNF (in Nor only p < 0.05) and total IGF-1 levels in Nor and Hyp (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Immediately after Ex in Hyp, freeIGF-1 (p < 0.05) and irisin levels (p < 0.001) were significantly higher compared with the levels induced by Ex alone. Free IGF-1 and irisin serum levels remained elevated in 24 h post-Ex in Hyp. In T1D, significant blood glucose (BG) decrease was observed immediately after Ex in Hyp (p < 0.001) and in 24 h recovery (p < 0.001) compared with pre-Ex level. Conclusion:: The study results suggest that moderate intensity continuous Ex has beneficial effect on BDNF and IGF-1 levels. Ex in hypoxic conditions may be more effective in increasing availability of IGF-1. The alterations in the post-Ex irisin levels and IGF-1 system may be contributing to more effective glycaemia control in patients with T1D

The influence of load-carrying capacity of the cesspool trucks on operation-economic indices of slurry fertilizing

Celem badań było określenie wpływu pojemności wozów asenizacyjnych, stosowanych w gospodarstwach rodzinnych o zróżnicowanej powierzchni użytków rolnych, na wartości podstawowych wskaźników eksploatacyjno-ekonomicznych. Badano trzy zestawy maszynowe do nawożenia: zestaw A – ciągnik Renault 95.14 + wóz asenizacyjny o pojemności 5,8 m3, zestaw B – ciągnik John Deere 6420 + wóz asenizacyjny 12 m3, zestaw C – ciągnik Valtra N 121 + wóz asenizacyjny 8 m3. Podział ten przyjęto ze względu na wielkość gospodarstw, zestaw A stosowany był w gospodarstwie o ogólnym areale 28 ha, B – 60 ha, zaś zestaw C – 90 ha. Oceniano następujące wskaźniki eksploatacyjno-ekonomiczne: godzinowe i jednostkowe koszty nawożenia, nakłady energetyczne ponoszone na wykonanie zabiegu oraz jego pracochłonność, a także zużycie paliwa. Obliczono również wskaźniki postępu technicznego i technologicznego. Godzinowe i jednostkowe koszty nawożenia w zestawach A, B i C wynosiły odpowiednio: 185, 304, 307 złˑh-1 i 162, 108, 74 zˑha-1. Nakłady energetyczne pracy zestawów maszynowych do nawożenia A, B i C wynosiły: 810, 460, 340 MJˑha-1 i 27, 15, 11 MJˑt-1. Wskaźnik postępu technicznego w przypadku pompowania (załadunku) gnojowicy w zestawach A, B i C wynosił: 24, 35, 62 haˑ(1000 zł)-1, a w przypadku czynności nawożenia: 8, 12, 17 haˑ(1000 zł)-1. Wskaźnik postępu technologicznego w przypadku pompowania (załadunku) gnojowicy w zestawach A, B i C wynosił: 80,82; 85,30; 86,26%, natomiast w przypadku czynności nawożenia: 85,24; 88,89; 89,78%.The aim of research was to determine the effect of load-carrying capacity of the cesspool trucks used in farms of different acreage, on the values of basic operating and economic indices. Three sets of fertilizing machines were investigated: A – Renault 95.14 tractor + cesspool truck of 5.8 m3 capacity; set was used in farm of total acreage 28 ha, B – John Deere 6420 + cesspool truck of 12 m3 capacity; farm acreage 60 ha, C – Valtra N 121 tractor + cesspool truck 8 m3 capacity; farm acreage 90 ha. Following operating-economic indices were estimated: the costs per hour and unitary fertilization costs, energy inputs on realized operation and its labour inputs, as well as the fuel consumption. Indices of technical and technological progress were calculated, too. The costs per hour and unitary costs of fertilizing by complete machine sets A, B and C reached correspondingly 185, 304, 307 PLNˑh-1 and 162, 108, 74 PLNˑha-1. Energy inputs of work for particular fertilization machinery sets A, B, C reached 810, 460, 340 MJˑha-1 and 27, 15, 11 MJˑt-1. The index of technical progress in case of pumping (loading) slurry in the sets A, B, C was 24, 35, 62 haˑ(1000 PLN)-1, in case of fertilization activity 8, 12, 17 haˑ(1000 PLN)-1. The index of technical progress for the slurry loading (pumping) in complete A, B, C sets, was 80.82; 85.30; 86.26%, for the fertilization 85.24; 88.89; 89.78%

Ugniatanie gleby kołami agregatów do nawożenia gnojowicą

Te objective of the research was determination of the impact of loading capacity of fertilization sets on soil compaction. Degree of soil compaction was determined based on four indexes. Three fertilization sets were selected for research: set A – tractor Renault 95.14 plus a waste removal vehicle of cubic capacity of 6 m3, set B – tractor John Deere 6420 plus a waste removal vehicle 12 m3, and set C Valtra N121 plus a waste removal vehicle 8 m3. Four indexes were determined: field area compaction, loading a field with sets crossings, degree of compaction in the trace of wheels and cubic capacity of ruts. It was determined that the biggest surface of the compacted field was for the set A (27%) and the smallest for the set B (16%). Loading of a field with the sets crossings was the highest also for the set A (212 kN·km·ha-1) and the lowest for the set B (167 kN·km·ha-1). Degree of compaction in the trace of wheels was the highest for the set B (105 kN·m-1) and the lowest for the set A (77 kN·m-1). The highest cubic capacity of ruts was determined on the field fertilized with the set A (99 m3) and the lowest for the set B (61 m3). From among the technical parameters of fertilization machines the following affect the soil compaction degree: tractor mass and a waste removal vehicle mass and its cubic capacity and the working width, which depends on the application unit which was used. The set B may be recognized as the best selected fertilization set (a tractor and a waste removal vehicle) on account of soil compaction and the least favourable – the set A.Celem badań było określenie wpływu ładowności zestawów nawozowych na ugniecenie gleby. Stopień ugniecenia gleby określono na podstawie czterech wskaźników. Do badań wytypowano trzy zestawy nawozowe: zestaw A – ciągnik Renault 95.14 plus wóz asenizacyjny o pojemności 6 m3, zestaw B – ciągnik John Deere 6420 plus wóz asenizacyjny 12 m3, i zestaw C – ciągnik Valtra N 121 plus wóz asenizacyjny 8 m3. Określono cztery wskaźniki: ugniecenie powierzchni pola, obciążenie pola przejazdami zestawów, stopień ugniecenia w śladzie kół jezdnych i objętość kolein. Stwierdzono, że największa powierzchnia ugniecionego pola wystąpiła dla zestawu A (27%) a najmniejsza dla zestawu B (16%). Obciążenie pola przejazdami zestawów było największe również dla zestawu A (212 kN·km·ha-1) a najmniejsze dla zestawu B (167 kN·km·ha-1). Stopień ugniecenia w śladzie kół jezdnych był natomiast największy dla zestawu B (105 kN·m-1), a najmniejszy dla zestawu A (77 kN·m-1). Największą objętość kolein stwierdzono na polu nawożonym zestawem A (99 m3) a najmniejszą dla zestawu B (61 m3). Z parametrów technicznych maszyn nawozowych na stopień ugniecenia gleby wpływ mają: masa ciągnika oraz wozu asenizacyjnego a także jego pojemność i szerokość robocza, która zależy od zastosowanego zespołu aplikacyjnego. Za najlepiej dobrany zestaw nawozowy (ciągnik i wóz asenizacyjny), z punktu widzenia ugniatania gleby, należy uznać zestaw B, a za najmniej korzystny zestaw A

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum total 25(OH) levels and biochemical markers of skeletal muscles in runners

BACKGROUND The beneficial adaptation of skeletal muscle function to strenuous exercise is partially attributable to the improvement of vitamin D status. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3-week vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D levels and skeletal muscle biomarkers (i.e. troponin, myoglobin, creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase) of endurance runners. METHODS A double-blind placebo-controlled study design was used and vitamin D supplementation was compared to a non-treatment control group. Twenty-four runners, competitors of the ultra-marathons held during the National Running Championships, were randomly assigned into two groups supplemented with the dose of 2000 IU vitamin D or placebo for three weeks. All subjects participated in three exercise protocols: (a) incremental exercise test (to determine the maximum oxygen uptake and the intensity of eccentric exercise), (b) eccentric exercise before and (c) after two dietary protocols. Venous blood samples were drawn at rest, immediately after the exercise and after 1 h and 24 h of recovery in order to estimate serum 25(OH)D levels, skeletal muscle biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. A two-way ANOVA was used to test main effects and their interactions and Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed to determine the effects of inter-variable relationships. RESULTS Significant differences between pre- and post-intervention in baseline 25(OH)D levels were observed (34.9 ± 4.7 versus 40.3 ± 4.9 ng/ml, p = 0.02) in supplemented group. A higher post intervention 25(OH)D level was observed after vitamin D diet compared to placebo (40.3 ± 4.9 versus 31.8 ± 4.2 ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). The vitamin D supplementation decreased post-exercise (TN max) and 1 h post-exercise troponin (p = 0.004, p = 0.03, respectively), 1 h post-exercise myoglobin concentration (p = 0.01) and TNF-α levels(p < 0.03). 24 h post exercise creatine kinase activity was significantly lower in supplemented group compared to placebo (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between post exercise 25(OH)D levels and myoglobin levels (r = - 0.57; p = 0.05), and 25(OH)D levels and TNFα (r = - 0.58; p = 0.05) in vitamin D supplemented group. CONCLUSIONS Three weeks of vitamin D supplementation had a positive effect on serum 25(OH)D levels in endurance trained runners and it caused a marked decrease in post-exercise biomarkers levels. We concluded that vitamin D supplementation might play an important role in prevention of skeletal muscle injuries following exercise with eccentric muscle contraction in athletes

The influence of different intensity treadmill efforts on the sense of rhythm of non-professional runners – pilot study

The purpose of this study was to determine how global effort affects the rhythm of multi-joint coordination in the global task. We wanted to examine how this specific kind of fatigue impacts sense of rhythm. Methods: In this study, fourteen non-professsional runners performed two effort trials of different intensity, where speed was set individually according to the speed of running when participants reached lactate threshold. Before and after each effort trial they had to perform the rhythm test. Results: Two-way analysis of variance ANOVA did not reveal significant differences among the variables of pre- and post-effort rhythm test. It is suggested that these results are supported by the application of different movement strategies to compensate for fatigue, and possible motor learning effect of simple timing performance. Conclusions: In our opinion the training workout routine should include cyclic technical exercises after fatigue. Not only to develop and improve energetics of movement, but also to learn and perfect different movement patterns and develop novel movement strategies

Acute Responses of Novel Cardiac Biomarkers to a 24-h Ultra-Marathon

The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effect of an ultra-endurance performance on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac specific troponin T (cTnT), creatinine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and cardiovascular function. Cardiac biomarkers were evaluated in 14 male ultra-marathoners (age 40 ± 12 years) during a 24 h ultra-marathon at five points (i.e., Pre-race; Marathon, 12-h run, 24-h run, and 48-h post-race). All subjects underwent baseline echocardiography assessment at least 10 days prior to the ultra-marathon and 48 h post-race. The average distance covered during the race was 149.4 ± 33.0 km. Running the ultra-marathon led to a progressive increase in hsCRP and H-FABP concentrations ( < 0.001). CK-MB and cTnT levels were higher after a 24-h run compared to pre-race ( < 0.05). Diastolic function was altered post-race characterized by a reduction in peak early to late diastolic filling ( < 0.01). Running an ultra-marathon significantly stimulates specific cardiac biomarkers; however, the dynamic of secretion of biomarkers linked to myocardium ischemia were differentially regulated during the ultra-marathon race. It is suggested that both exercise duration and intensity play a crucial role in cardiovascular adaptive mechanisms and cause risk of cardiac stress in ultra-marathoners

Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessed by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Athletes with and without Left Ventricle Hypertrophy

The aim of this study was to evaluate selected parameters of strain and rotation of the left ventricle (the basal rotation (BR) index, the basal circumferential strain (BCS) index, and the global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the left ventricle) in male athletes with physiological cardiac hypertrophy (LVH group), and athletes (non-LVH group) and non-athletes without hypertrophy (control group, CG). They were evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography and speckle tracking echocardiography before and after an incremental exercise test. The LVH group demonstrated lower BR at rest than the non-LVH group ( 0.05). There was a combined influence of LVH and physical effort on BR (F = 5.70; < 0.05) and BCS (F = 4.97; < 0.05), but no significant differences in BCS and GLS at rest between the groups. A higher BCS and lower GLS after exercise in the LVH group were demonstrated in comparison with the CG ( < 0.05). Left ventricular basal rotation as well as longitudinal and circumferential strains showed less of a difference between rest and after physical effort in subjects with significant myocardial hypertrophy. In conclusion, the obtained results may suggest that echocardiographic assessment of basal rotation and circumferential strain of the left ventricular can be important in predicting cardiac disorders caused by physical effort in individuals with physiological and pathological heart hypertrophy