Konzumna jaja poznatog porekla i garantovanog kvaliteta - brand jaja

The fact that most of consumers according to polls and questionnaires in our country, value the most freshness of eggs, and that at the same time they are not satisfied with it, there is necessity to provide guaranteed fresh eggs of high quality. Similar situation in other countries and cities in Serbia has induced some of producers of table eggs to develop production programs and marketing of eggs of known origin and guaranteed quality. Table eggs are produced and sold according to demands of consumers with integrated control system based on two EU Directives (No 1907/90 and No 1274/91). Program contains several components (defining of brand, production, quality control, commercial advertising) and each of the components is of conceptual importance, integral part and as such cannot be left out or neglected. In general, product of such Program cannot be only brand egg but result of entire integrated system of production, sale, quality control, marketing, and represent links in the chain - from producer of eggs to consumer.Činjenica, da najveći broj potrošača po rezultatima anketa sprovedenih u našoj zemlji, pri kupovini jaja najviše ceni svežinu, a da ista ne zadovoljava na tržištu, ukazala je na neophodnost obezbeđenja garantovano svežih i kvalitetnih jaja. Slična situacija u drugim zemljama i gradovima u Srbiji navela je neke proizvođače konzumnih jaja, da razrade programe proizvodnje i marketinga jaja poznatog porekla i garantovanog kvaliteta. Proizvodnja i prodaja konzumnih jaja se odvija u skladu sa zahtevima potrošača i ima integrisani sistem kontrole zasnovan na dve direktive Evropske Unije (No 1907/90 i No 1274/91). Program sadrži nekoliko komponenata (definisanja branda, proizvodnje, kontrole kvaliteta, komercijalne propagande) i svaka je od koncepcijskog značaja, integralni njegov deo i kao takva ne može se izostaviti ili zanemariti. U celini posmatrano, proizvod iz ovog Programa ne može i ne sme biti samo jaje sa brend imenom, već rezultat celog integrisanog sistema proizvodnje, prodaje, kontrole kvaliteta, marketinga i tesno su povezane karike u lancu na putu jaja od proizvođača do potrošača

Telesna masa i dinamika porasta brojlerskih pilića različitog genotipa u poboljšanim uslovima gajenja

Application of lower housing density and discontinuous light programme, which at the same time marked the application of moderate photoperiod, had positive effect on realized final body masses of broiler chickens of both investigated genotype, however, exhibited effect was higher in chickens of Cobb genotype, considering that significantly greater body mass was established. Chicken genotype is confirmed as important interactive factor in improved rearing conditions, considering higher average daily gains of Cobb chickens compared to Arbor Acres, also in all weekly investigations.Primena manje gustine naseljenosti i diskontinuiniranog svetlosnog programa, koji je istovremeno označavao i primenu umerenog fotoperioda, je imala pozitivan efekat na ostvarene završne telesne mase brojlerskih pilića oba ispitivana genotipa, s tim da je ispoljeni uticaj bio veći kod pilića genotipa Cobb, obzirom na utvrđenu značajno veću telesnu masu. Genotip pilića je potvrđen kao važan interaktivni faktor u poboljšanim uslovima gajenja, obzirom na utvrđene veće prosečne dnevne priraste pilića genotipa Cobb u odnosu na Arbor Acres, takođe u svim nedeljnim ispitivanjima

Mineralna ishrana savremenih hibrida živine

In the latest research relating to mineral nutrition of poultry, the interest in several nutrients is prevailing for which in ordinary diets additional sources are necessary. In mineral nutrition of layers constantly the calcium (Ca) requirements are reviewed as one of the most important factors influencing the quality of eggs and bones, in regard to adequate level, source and particle size of added Ca, as well as mutual balance with other nutrients, primarily vitamin D, phosphorus (P) and certain micro-elements. Also, efforts are directed towards possibility and justification for use of new source of vitamin D, existing recommendations related to P are reviewed as well as increase of possibility for adoption of phytine bound phosphorus in diets using enzyme phytase, as well as investigation of organic forms of certain micro-element sources. Certain researches which combine the latest studies of the mineral nutrition of poultry are especially interesting also for practical application. Contrary to layers, focus of research of mineral nutrition of broilers is on phosphorus and application of enzyme phytase. In general, researches of the mineral nutrition of modern poultry genotypes are always actual, considering that their objective is to support genetic progress with adequate nutrition, but also to solve increasing problems relating to product quality, metabolic disorders and ecology.U novijim istraživanjima vezanim za mineralnu ishranu živine uglavnom preovlađuje interesovanje za nekoliko nutrijenata za koje su u uobičajenim obrocima potrebni dodatni izvori. Kod mineralne ishrane nosilja stalno se revidiraju potrebe nosilja za kalcijumom (Ca) kao jednim od najbitnijih činilaca koji utiču na kvalitet jaja i kostiju, kako u pogledu adekvatnog nivoa, izvora i veličine čestica dodatog Ca, tako i međusobnog balansa sa ostalim nutrijentima u obroku, pre svega vitaminom D, fosforom (P) i pojedinim mikroelementima. Takođe se radi na mogućnosti i opravdanosti upotrebe novog izvora vitamina D, revidiranju postojećih preporuka za P i povećanju usvojivosti fitinski vezanog fosfora u obrocima upotrebom enzima fitaze, kao i ispitivanju organskih formi izvora nekih mikroelemenata. Posebno interesantna i za praktičnu primenu značajna su pojedina istraživanja koja kombinuju ova novija saznanja vezana za mineralnu ishranu nosilja. Za razliku od nosilja, težište kod istraživanja mineralne ishrane brojlera je na fosforu i primeni enzima fitaze. Generalno, istraživanja mineralne ishrane savremenih genotipova živine ne gube stalnu aktuelnost, obzirom da za cilj imaju da se ishranom adekvatno prati progresivni genetički napredak, ali i da se reše narastajući problemi vezani za kvalitet proizvoda, metaboličke poremećaje i ekologiju

Adekvatna ishrana kalcijumom i kvalitet ljuske i kostiju kod nosilja - inovirani pristup problemu

Calcium metabolism (Ca) in layers depends on many factors which can be divided into factors influencing the intake, absorption, retention and/or excretion of Ca. Varying of any of above mentioned factors presented and reviewed in this study, exhibit their impact on quality of bones in layers and egg shell quality. For the purpose of maintaining of the egg quality and quality of layer hens' bones, the influence of mentioned factors on production should be taken into consideration in the practice, and on that basis not only the proper diet Ca level determined, but also adequate source and size of Ca particles, as well as mutual balance with other nutrients in the diet, primarily phosphorus, vitamin D and some micro elements. Recent studies have the direction of finding the more complex approach to solving of the issues of egg shell quality, also bone quality and ensuring adequate nutrition for modern layer hybrids.Metabolizam kalcijuma (Ca) kod nosilja zavisi od niza faktora koji se mogu podeliti na one koji utiču na unos, usvajanje, zadržavanje i/ili izlučivanje Ca. Varijacije bilo kojeg od ovih, u radu predstavljenih i razmotrenih faktora, ispoljavaju svoj uticaj i na kvalitet kostiju i ljuske jaja nosilja. Radi očuvanja kvaliteta jaja i kostiju nosilja, u praksi treba uzeti u obzir uticaj ovih faktora na konkretnu proizvodnju i na bazi toga odrediti ne samo adekvatan obročni nivo Ca, već i odgovarajući izvor i veličinu čestica dodatog Ca, kao i međusobni balans sa ostalim nutrijentima u obroku, pre svega fosforom, vitaminom D i nekim mikroelementima. Nova istraživanja idu u pravcu kompleksnijeg pristupa pri rešavanju problema sa kvalitetom ljuske jaja i kostiju i adekvatnom ishranom savremenih hibridnih nosilja

Slobodni sistemi gajenja pilića i kokoši - kvalitet mesa i jaja

Conventional broiler and egg production are basis of modern production of poultry meat and table eggs in the World and in our country. Standing requirements and demands for more and better in poultry production have induced continuous work on improvement of technologies of broiler rearing and production of table eggs. Improvements in technologies of production of meat and eggs depend on country's natural resources, environment conditions and, certainly, on consumer opinion and demands. In addition to the quantity of products, considerable attention will be focused on poultry welfare, application of new rearing systems and, accordingly, on quality of the product. Positive effects of the free system of rearing of broilers and layer hens on quality of meat and eggs, which have been established in our many years of research, will be presented in this paper.Konvencionalna brojlerska proizvodnja i proizvodnja jaja je osnova današnje proizvodnje pilećeg mesa i konzumnih jaja u svetu i u našoj zemlji. Stalni zahtevi u živinarskoj proizvodnji za bolje i više doveli su do toga da se kontinuirano radi na poboljšanju tehnologija gajenja brojlera i proizvodnje konzumnih jaja. Poboljšanja u tehnologijama proizvodnje mesa i jaja zavise od prirodnih resursa određene zemlje, ambijetalnih uslova i svakako mišljenja i zahteva potrošača. Pored količine proizvoda značajna pažnja će se pridavati dobrobiti živine, primeni novih sistema gajenja i shodno tome kvalitetu proizvoda. U radu će biti prikazani pozitivni uticaji slobodnog sistema gajenja brojlera i kokoši nosilja na kvalitet mesa i jaja, koje smo ustanovili u našem dugogodišnjem radu

Gustina naseljenosti - faktor proizvodnosti, kvaliteta i dobrobiti brojlera

Significance of stocking density in broiler production i.e. production performance, vitality and health condition of chickens, was established at the beginning of development of industrial poultry production. However, considering intensive development of selection work and creation of more productive genotypes which, at the same time, were more demanding in regard to rearing conditions, the current importance of this research is not diminished. In favour of this statement is also the complexity of the effect of stocking density which is direct, indirect, and interacted with other factors of rearing, which eventually reflects on all aspects of broiler production: economical efficiency, quality of products and broiler welfare aspects. In the paper a review of research results is presented with general objective to define optimal stocking density in broiler production based on comparison of effects on production performances, parameters of carcass quality and indicators of broiler welfare.Značaj gustine naseljenosti za brojlersku proizvodnju, odnosno za proizvodne performanse, vitalnost i zdravstveno stanje pilića, utvrđen je još s početka razvoja industrijskog živinarstva. Međutim, s obzirom na intenzivan razvoj selekcijskog rada i stvaranje sve produktivnijih genotipova, koji su istovremeno zahtevniji u odnosu na uslove gajenja, ne umanjuje se aktuelnost ovih istraživanja. U prilog tome je kompleksnost dejstva gustine naseljenosti koji su direktni, indirektni, povezani interakcijskim vezama sa drugim faktorima gajenja, što se u krajnjem ishodu odražava na sve aspekte brojlerske proizvodnje: ekonomičnost, kvalitet proizvoda i aspekte dobrobiti brojlera. U radu je dat prikaz rezultata pojedinih istraživanja sa generalnim ciljem definisanja optimalne gustine naseljenosti brojlera, na osnovu izvršene komparacije efekata na proizvodne performanse, parametre kvaliteta trupa i indikatore dobrobiti brojlera

Uticaj veličine čestica mermera u hrani nosilja i vremena ovipozicije na kvalitet ljuske jaja

Eggshell quality was studied in three groups of Issa Brown hens, from 73 to 78 weeks of age. Group 1 (control) received a basal diet with 3,8 % Ca and 0,35 % available P, in which pulverized limestone (particle size 0,02 mm) was the main source of Ca. The other two groups of hens were fed diets of the same composition but differing in the supplemented limestone particle size. In group 2 and 3 60 % of the pulverized limestone was substituted with a granular form, of particle size 1,10-1,40 mm. and 1,42-2,80 mm respectively. Eggs for examination were collected at three periods of time: 7-9 hours, 11-13 hours and 15-17 hours. There were significant effects of particle size and oviposition time on eggshell quality. Egg mass and shell deformation decreased, while shell breaking force, shell thickness and shell mass increased with increasing oviposition time. At the afternoon period of laying, significantly higher (p (lt) 0,05) breaking force (5,0 kg) and lower shell deformation (21,9μ) were obtained in eggs of hens fed on the diet incorporating the granular form of limestone (particle size 1,10-1,40 mm) than eggs of hens fed only pulverized limestone. It was shown that there are possibilities for improving eggshell quality, in older hens, by a combination of pulverized and granular limestone in the diet, as a source of calcium.Ispitivanje je obavljeno na 90 nosilja Issa Brown, u uzrastu od 73-78 nedelja, podeljenih u tri grupe. Sve grupe su za ishranu dobijale smeše istog sastava, u kojima je glavni izvor kalcijuma bio mleveni mermer. Razlike između grupa su bile u veličini čestica mermera dodatog u hranu. Grupa 1, (kontrola), je dobijala smešu sa praškasto mlevenim mermerom (kreda), veličine čestica 0,02 mm. U smeši za grupu 2 oko 60 % mermera je bilo sa krupnijim česticama (1,10-1,40 mm), a 40 % u obliku krede. U smeši za grupu 3 oko 60 % mermera je bilo sa još krupnijim česticama (1,42-2,80 mm), a 40 % u obliku krede. Za ispitivanje kvaliteta ljuske jaja su sakupljana svakodnevno u tri vremenska intervala (vreme ovipozicije): 7-9 sati, 11-13 sati i 15-17 sati. Ustanovljeno je da sa vremenom ovipozicije opada masa jaja i deformacija ljuske, dok se vrednosti sile loma, debljine i mase ljuske povećavaju. Veličina čestica mermera dodatog u hranu, ispoljila je značajan uticaj na kvalitet ljuske jaja, izražen kroz deformaciju i silu loma. Jaja nosilja iz 2. i 3. grupe (krupnije čestice mermera), snesena popodne, imala su značajno (p (lt) 0,05) manje vrednosti deformacije (21,9 μ; 19,9 μ) i veće vrednosti sile loma ljuske (5,0 kg; 4,6 kg) u odnosu na jaja nosilja iz 1. grupe. U toku prepodnevnog perioda nošenja, jaja nosilja 1. i2. grupe su ispoljila veću silu loma u odnosu na jaja nosilja 3. grupe. Generalno, može se zaključiti da je 2. grupa nosilja (veličina čestica mermera 1,10-1,40 mm) pokazala najbolje rezultate i da je moguće poboljšati čvrstoću ljuske jaja, kod starijih nosilja, dodatkom u hranu izvesne količine mermera krupnijih čestica

Efekti sistema gajenja i telesne mase Redbro brojlera na učestalost i težinu footpad dermatitisa

High market demand for high-quality chicken paws, as well as their role in the assessment of the welfare of broiler chickens are the main reasons for the research in this area. In order to determine the effects of rearing system and the body weight of moderate growing broilers on the frequency and severity of incidence of footpad dermatitis, experimental research was conducted on a total of 300 Redbro chickens reared in free range and floor system in the production facility until the age of 84 days. Based on an individual weighing of broilers and visual evaluation of the incidence and severity of footpad lesions at the end of the experiment, the frequency of the individual scores for footpad dermatitis was determined, as well as the average score in each of the five weight groups. The effect of body weight on the incidence and severity of footpad dermatitis was not statistically confirmed, but the absence of the most difficult forms of footpad dermatitis in broiler group with the lowest body weight was recorded. Rearing broiler chickens in free range system manifested a positive effect in terms of increased frequency of broilers without lesions and less frequency of moderate and severe lesions in relation to rearing system in the production facility. Also, the effect of rearing system on the frequency of the most severe degree of dermatitis in broilers Redbro was statistically confirmed.Velika potražnja na tržištu za kvalitetnim pilećim nogama, kao i njihova uloga u proceni dobrobiti brojlera su osnovni razlozi za istraživanja u ovoj oblasti. U cilju utvrđivanja efekata sistema gajenja i telesne mase brojlera umerenog porasta na učestalost i ozbiljnost pojave footpad dermatitisa, sprovedeno je eksperimentalno istraživanje na ukupno 300 Redbro pilića gajenih u sistemu sa ispustom i podnom sistemu u objektu do uzrasta 84 dana. Na osnovu individualnog merenja telesne mase brojlera i vizuelne ocene pojave i težine lezija na nožnim jastučićima, na kraju ogleda, utvrđena je frekvencija pojedinačnih ocena za footpad dermatitis, kao i prosečna ocena u svakoj od pet težinskih grupa. Efekat telesne mase na učestalost i ozbiljnost footpad dermatitisa nije statistički potvrđen ali je utvrđeno odsustvo najtežih oblika footpad dermatitisa u grupi brojlera sa najmanjim telesnim masama. Gajenjem brojlera u sistemu sa ispustom ispoljen je pozitivan efekat u smislu veće frekvencije brojlera bez lezija i manje frekvencije umerenih i teških lezija u odnosu na sistem gajenja u objektu.Takođe je dobijena statistička potvrda efekta sistema gajenja na frekvenciju dermatitisa najtežeg stepena kod Redbro brojlera

Uticaj genotipa na proizvodne i klanične karakteristike brojlerskih pilića

Objective of the research was to investigate the effect of genotype on production and slaughter properties of broiler chickens. The usual technology of broiler production was implemented, therefore fattening lasted 42 days. Trial included total of 2070 broiler chickens of following hybrids: Cobb 500, Ross 308 and Hubbard Classic. Chickens of genotypes Cobb 500 and Ross 308 realized significantly higher average body masses compared to Hubbard chickens. The highest mortality rate in the trial was recorded in Hubbard genotype. Chickens Cobb 500 and Ross 308 had the same feed conversion and statistically insignificant differences in production indices, whereas the values of these parameters in Hubbard chickens were significantly less favourable. The breast depth as carcass conformation measure showed no statistically significant differences between genotypes. Significantly higher values of breast angle were established in chickens of Cobb 500 compared to other two genotypes, whereas the highest values of thigh girth and the metatarsus length were established in Ross 308 chickens. Better slaughter results were obtained in carcasses of Cobb 500 genotype, chickens of both genders. Share of abdominal fat in percentage was similar in all genotypes, so the genotype had no significant effect on variation of this trait.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj genotipa na proizvodne i klanične karakteristike brojlerskih pilića. Primenjena je uobičajena tehnologija gajenja tako da je tov trajao 42 dana. Ogledom je obuhvaćeno ukupno 2070 brojlerskih pilića hibrida: Cobb 500, Ross 308 i Hubbard Classic. Pilići genotipa Cobb 500 i Ross 308 su postigli značajno veće prosečne telesne mase od pilića genotipa Hubbard. Najveći procenat mortaliteta u toku ogleda uočen je kod genotipa Hubbard. Istu konverziju hrane i statistički neznačajno različite proizvodne indekse postigli su pilići Cobb 500 i Ross 308, dok su vrednosti ovih parametara kod pilića Hubbard bile značajno nepovoljnije. Dubina grudi kao mera konformacije trupa se nije statistički značajno razlikovala među genotipovima. Značajno veće vrednosti grudnog ugla imali su pilići Cobb 500 u odnosu na ostala dva genotipa, dok su najveće obime bataka i najveće dužine piska imali pilići Ross 308. Bolji klanični rezultati su dobijeni na trupovima oba pola genotipa Cobb 500. Procentualno učešće abdominalne masti je slično kod genotipova, tako da genotip nije imao značajan uticaj na variranje ove osobine

The effect of rearing conditions on carcass slaughter quality of broilers from intensive production

Requirements for improvement of broiler welfare have initiated certain changes in rearing and management conditions in conventional broiler production, with emphasis on stocking density and duration of photo period. Experimental study was conducted on broilers of fast growing genotypes reared in floor system. Two stocking densities were applied: 12 and 16 birds/m(2) and two light regimes: continuous: 23 h light (23 L):1 h dark (1 D) and intermittent: 4 h light (4 L): 2 h dark (2D), with 4 repetitions per treatment. Growth dynamics was investigated on 800 broilers and carcass quality traits (carcass weight, conformation, yields of major carcass parts and tibia quality) on sample of 80 carcasses differentiated according to gender of chickens. More intensive growth of broiler in the group reared in lower stocking density, that is, intermittent light regime, was established. Broilers reared in lower stocking density had significantly better carcass conformation and higher yield of breast, whereas in the response to the light regime the effect of sex was determined. Because of more physical activity of broilers in lower stocking density, the parameters of tibia quality are improved. In regard to present measures for preservation and improvement of animal welfare, application of lower stocking density of broilers and intermittent light regime is justified also from the aspect of improvement of carcass quality