Kontaminacija smeša za ishranu svinja i živine plesnima i mikotoksinima

During ten-year period (1995-2004), a total of 756 analyses of pig and poultry feed was performed. Standard methods were used for microbiological determination. Qualitative and quantitative analyze of mycotoxins was performed by TLC technique. Feed for young categories contained from 100 to 3,400,000 CFU/g of feed. In 35.71% of all samples the detected amount was above acceptable levels. Feed for adult categories contained from 800 to 8,000,000 CFU/g of feed. In only 7.54% of samples this amount was over the tolerable level. Species determination revealed great heterogeneity, with the most common findings of Penicillium spp. (28.38%), Aspregillus spp. (26.37%) Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) and Rhizopus spp. (9.22%). The amount and type of mycotoxin varied depending on the feed category as well as on year of detection, implicating a strong influence of climatic factors and average humidity of the specified year. In a total of 320 analyzed feeds for pigs and poultry the characteristic finding was a combined contamination with two or three mycotoxins. In 161 samples of feed for young animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 36, 161 and 161 samples respectively, while in 33, 83 and 71 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels. In 159 samples of feed for adult animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 32, 159 and 159 samples, respectively while in 31, 65 and 99 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels.Tokom desetogodišnjeg perioda (1995-2004) izvršeno je ukupno 756 analiza uzoraka stočne hrane namenjenih za ishranu živine i svinja. Za mikrobiološku analizu uzoraka korišćene su standardne metode, a kvalitativno i kvantitativno ispitivanje navedenih mikotoksina izvršeno je TLC metodom. Smeše za mlade životinje sadržale su od 100 do 3.400.000 plesni/gr, pri čemu je čak 35.71% ispitivanih uzoraka sadržalo nedozvoljen broj plesni. Smeše za odrasle životinje sadržale su od 800 do 8.000.000 plesni/gr, pri čemu je svega 7.54% ispitivanih uzoraka sadržalo nedozvoljen broj plesni. Vrste izolovanih rodova plesni pokazuju veliku heterogenost, a najčešće su detektovane Penicilium spp. (28.38%), Aspergillus spp. (26.37%), Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) i Rhisopus spp. (9.22%). Količina i vrsta mikotoksina varira u odnosu na vrstu smeše, kao i u odnosu na pojedine godine, što može da se dovede u direktnu vezu sa klimatskim faktorima, odnosno sa godišnjom vlažnošću. Ispitano je ukupno 320 smeša za ishranu svinja i živine, a karakteristično je da je velik broj smeša bio kontaminiran sa dva, odnosno tri mikotoksina. Od ukupno 161 uzorka hrane za mlade životinje prisustvo AFB1 F-2 i OTA utvrđeno je u 36, 161 i 161 uzorku, od čega je, istim redom, 33, 83 i 71 uzorak sadržao navedene mikotoksine iznad dozvoljene granice. Od ukupno 159 uzoraka hrane za odrasle životinje prisustvo AFB1, F-2 i OTA utvrđeno je u 32, 159 i 159 uzoraka, od čega je, istim redom, 31, 65 i 99 uzoraka sadržalo navedene mikotoksine iznad dozvoljene granice

MINERALNI SASTAV ZELENE MASE I SIJENA PODRUČJA DIVČIBARA

The quality and some minerals contents were followed in the green mass and hay from different localities on Divčibare. Samples were taken from three different altitudes, up to 250 m, from 250 m to 550 m and over 550 m above sea level. Twelve samples of early bloom plants were taken (four samples of green mass from the same altitude), and after mowing, samples of hay were also taken from the same meadow. The samples were prepared from ashes by use of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) macro- and microelements content was determined, while the phosphorus content was determined by application of standard methods. Average calcium content in the plants valued 5.85 g/kg, phosphorus 2.41 g/kg, magnesium 2.47 g/kg, sodium 0.93 g/kg and potassium 10.35 g/kg in dry substance. In the samples of hay, macro elements content was 6.65, 1.56, 1.54, 0.78 and 10.76 g/kg respectively. Average iron content in the samples of plants from Divčibare region amounted to 171.87 mg/kg, copper 5.12 mg/kg, zinc 21.67 mg/kg, manganese 63.97 mg/kg and selenium 17.17 μg/kg in dry substance. The average amount of iron 92.47 mg/kg, 4.75 mg/kg copper, 19.65 mg/kg zinc, 113.29 mg/kg manganese and 26.00 μg/kg selenium were found in the hay from the same localities.Vrsta i sadržaj nekih minerala praćen je u zelenoj masi i sijenu s različitih lokacija na Divčibarama. Uzorci su uzimani s različitih nadmorskih visina: do 250 m, od 250 do 550 m i iznad 550 m. Uzeti su uzorci dvanaest rano procvalih biljaka (po četiri uzorka zelene mase s jedne nadmorske visine), a nakon košnje uzorci sijena su uzeti s iste livade. Uzorci su pripremljeni iz pepela korištenjem metode atomske spektrofotometrijske absorpcije (ASA), dok je sadržaj fosfora utvrđen primjenom standardnih metoda. Prosječan sadržaj kalcija u zelenoj masi iznosio je 5.85 g/kg, fosfora 2.41 g/kg, magnezija 2.47 g/kg, natrija 0.93 g/kg i kalija 10.35 g/kg suhe tvari. Odnosni iznosi makro elemenata u uzorcima sijena iznosili su: 6.65, 1.56, 1.54, 0.78 i 10.76 g/kg. Prosječan sadržaj željeza u uzorcima zelene mase s područja Divčibara iznosio je: 171.87 mg/kg, bakra 5.12 mg/kg, cinka 21.67 mg/kg, mangana 63.97 mg/kg i selena 17.17 μg/kg suhe tvari. Prosječan sadržaj tih elemenata u uzorcima sijena s istog područja iznosio je za željezo 92.47 mg/kg, bakar 4.75 mg/kg, cink 19.65 mg/kg, mangan 113.29 mg/kg, te selen 26.00 μg /kg

The nutritive value of Valjevac grassland - Zasavica reservation

Valjevac pasture of Zasavica reservation with its area of 300 ha presents a significant area for grazing cattle. In order to evaluate its potential for livestock production, the botanical and chemical composition of hay in three different time periods was observed (spring, summer and autumn). The determined plants species confirmed the richness of Zasavica grasslands, as well as the presence of dry, moist and forest habitat plants. The analyzed plants mostly belong to the Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae families. Chemical analysis determined that the protein content decreased (P<0.01) from April (17.22±0.40 %) to October (10.30±0.16 %), and cellulose content increased (P<0.01) (from 19.07±0.38 % in April to 21.65±0.41 % in October). The calculated energy density of hay samples ranged from 0.425 Starch Units (SU) in October, 0.443 SU in April to 0.448 SU in June. The Valjevac pasture with its numerous plant species is of great importance in upkeeping biodiversity and also presents a solid base for livestock production. The determined levels of manganese and copper point out to the need of copper supplementation especially during the late summer and autumn periods. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III46002

Mould and mycotoxin contamination of pig and poultry feed

During ten-year period (1995-2004), a total of 756 analyses of pig and poultry feed was performed. Standard methods were used for microbiological determination. Qualitative and quantitative analyze of mycotoxins was performed by TLC technique. Feed for young categories contained from 100 to 3,400,000 CFU/g of feed. In 35.71% of all samples the detected amount was above acceptable levels. Feed for adult categories contained from 800 to 8,000,000 CFU/g of feed. In only 7.54% of samples this amount was over the tolerable level. Species determination revealed great heterogeneity, with the most common findings of Penicillium spp. (28.38%), Aspregillus spp. (26.37%) Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) and Rhizopus spp. (9.22%). The amount and type of mycotoxin varied depending on the feed category as well as on year of detection, implicating a strong influence of climatic factors and average humidity of the specified year. In a total of 320 analyzed feeds for pigs and poultry the characteristic finding was a combined contamination with two or three mycotoxins. In 161 samples of feed for young animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 36, 161 and 161 samples respectively, while in 33, 83 and 71 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels. In 159 samples of feed for adult animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 32, 159 and 159 samples, respectively while in 31, 65 and 99 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels

Performance of broiler chicken fed varied nutrient density diets supplemented with direct fed microbial

Comparative dietary response of different isolated strains (Direct fed microbial- DFM) of lactobacilli, streptococci and yeast isolated from leopard feces (Panthera leo) was studied as probiotic in poultry broiler birds reared as per varied mineral densities viz. calcium and phosphorus. Various treatments consisted of T0 (Control, culture medium), T1 (Lactobacillus casei + Streptococcus fecalis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae) offered standard formulated diet D1, T2 - Control (Culture medium) offered ten percent lower calcium and phosphorus diet D2, T3 (Lactobacillus casei + Streptococcus fecalis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae) offered ten percent lower calcium and phosphorus diet D2. Growth results obtained during the starter phase (1st to 3rd week) exhibited higher gain in live body weight and lower feed conversion ratio, both by DFM supplemented treatment T1 offered standard formulated diet D1 and treatment T3 offered experimentally formulated mineral (Ca and P) deficient (10%) diet D2 compared to respective control T0 and T2. The obtained results revealed a significantly higher growth performance in treatment T1 compared to its control T0 where a higher growth in treatment T3 offered experimentally formulated mineral (Ca and P) deficient (10%) diet D2 supplemented with isolated DFM compared to its control T2 was exhibited. Treatment groups T1 and T3 supplemented with isolated DFM exhibited a better intestinal micro flora balance, effective colonization and higher count in the intestinal tract with higher calcium and phosphorus retention in the digestibility studies. Thus, it was found that supplementation of isolated DFM has the potential to improve biological growth performance of poultry broiler birds offered both standard formulated diet D1, as well as mineral deficient diet D2. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 46002

Effect of phytase supplementation on growing pigs performance

Dietary concentrations of phytate are crucial for its anti-nutritive properties and its negative impact on P availability. The increase of dietary phytate level is shown to increase endogenous losses of amino acids and minerals in pigs. The partial availability of the P component of phytate to simple-stomached species attains importance as the world's rock phosphate reserves are not renewable, which could lead to a P supply crisis in the future. Supplementing phytase is becoming increasingly common as a method to improve the availability of P in plant ingredients containing high levels of phytate P. Fourty-eight pigs (Swedish Landrace boars × Dutch landrace sows) weaned at day 35 with an initial BW of 8.72±0.28 kg were used for a 40-day weaner performance study. The study was structured as a complete randomized design to evaluate the response of weaner pigs to four concentrations of microbial phytase produced by Aspergillus niger: (T1) basal diet; (T2) basal diet + 1000 FTU/kg; (T3) diet with decreased dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg; and (T4) diet with no dicalcium phosphate + 1000 FTU/kg. Control group of piglets (T1) has achieved standard body mass while addition of phytase in meal increased body mass by 6.59% in T2 and 7.52% in T3. Phytase supplementation prevented decreased body weight gain diets where available phosphorous level was reduced by 50. The amount of consumed feed per day was not significantly different. Feed efficiency of T2 and T3 groups was by 3.23% better and of T4 for 11.29% lower compared to the control group of piglets (T1). Lower production results achieved by the use of low phosphorous diets can be avoided to a certain level by the use of microbial phytase. The use of phytase in pig diet significantly improved phosphorous availability, as well as of other mineral substances from the phytate complex. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III46002

Effect of dietary supplementation with medium chain fatty acids on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, lipid profile and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) diet supplementation on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, serum biochemistry and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens. The study was performed on 180 one-day-old broilers of the same origin (Cobb 500 hybrid), over a 42-day period. They were fed diets supplemented with three treatments: control group (basal diet without supplementation); group with MCFA supplementation; and group with MCFA and coccidiostat supplementation. Broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with MCFAs had a significantly greater final bodyweight. The weights of carcass cuts (breast, drumsticks with thighs and wings) were greater in broilers receiving MCFAs than in control broilers. The addition of MCFAs to broiler diet significantly increased villus length and crypt depth in the duodenum and caecum, and significantly decreased villus width in the duodenum and ileum. Additionally, serum HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were increased significantly in broilers with MCFA dietary supplementation. The results indicated that the MCFA diet supplementation had a beneficial effect on the performance of broiler chickens, their intestinal histomorphology and microflora.Keywords: Carcass characteristics, coccidiostat supplementation, nutrition, poultry, serum biochemistr

PREBIOTICI – SAVREMENA STRATEGIJA U STIMULACIJI RASTA ŽIVOTINJA

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Efekat ishrane kokoši nosilja smešama obogaćenim omega-3 masnim kiselinama na sastav masnih kiselina u jajetu

In order to investigate the effects of omega (n) 3 fatty acids on egg quality a group-control trial was organized. Trial lasted 40 days and was performed in production conditions. Total number of 1264 laying hens of Lohman Brown classic provenience were used and randomly allotted into one of four groups by 316 hens each (C-control, I experimental, II experimental and III experimental). All groups of hens were fed diets of standard ingredients and chemical composition, while feed of I, II and III experimental group of hens was supplemented with micro algae Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) as a source of n- 3 fatty acids in amount of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 % respectively. In order to investigate the influence of micro algae Schizochytrium spp. feed supplementation on egg quality, from the aspect of content and ratio of fatty acids, random egg samples (n=10) were taken at the 10th, 20th and 40th day of the trial from each group. Egg yolk fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography on Varian 1400 with flame ionization detector (FID detector) (on a packed column 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mesh). Significant differences in egg yolk fatty acid content as well as their ratio were determined between treatment groups. Positive influence of supplemented micro algae preparation was observed. Highest content of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n-3) was determined in egg yolks of III experimental group while lowest content was determined in egg yolks of control group of hens. Micro algae feed supplementation, at the end of the trial period, positively affected egg yolk PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio, since determined ratio of 4.24 in III experimental group was more desirable than 12.27 determined in a control group. Marine algae (Schizochytrium spp.) feed supplementation in laying hens in amounts above 0.5% significantly affected egg yolk fatty acid composition as well as ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. These findings support its use from nutritive, medical and economic point of view.Da bi se ispitao uticaj omega -3 masnih kiselina na kvalitet jaja postavljen je ogled sa tri eksperimentalne i jednom kontrolnom grupom. Ogled je trajao 40 dana i sproveden je u proizvodnim uslovima. Ukupan broj od 1264 kokoši nosilja Lohmann Brown classic provenijence je slučajno raspoređen u četiri grupe po 316 nosilja u svakoj (C-kontrola, I eksperimentalna, II eksperimentalna i III eksperimentalna). Sve grupe su hranjene smešama standardnog sastava, dok su eksperimentalne grupe I, II, III hranjene smešom obogaćenom mikroalgama Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) kao izvorom n-3 masnih kiselina u količini od 0,5; 0,7; 1,0. U cilju ispitivanja hrane obogaćene mikroalgom Schizochytrium spp. na kvalitet jaja sa aspekta sadržaja i odnosa masnih kiselina, uzet je slučajan uzorak jaja (n=10) 10., 20., i 40. dana iz svake grupe. Sadržaj masnih kiselina u žumancetu je određen gasnim hromatografom Varian 1400 sa plamen jonizujućim detektorom (FID detector) (na koloni 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mreža). Značajne razlike u sadržaju masnih kiselina u žumancetu kao i njihov odnos su određeni između tretmana. Najveći sadržaj n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA n-3) određen je u žumancetu jaja treće eksperimentalne grupe, dok je najmanji sadržaj određen u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje mikro algi smešama na kraju oglednog perioda, pozitivno je uticao na odnos PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 u žumancetu, pošto je određen odnos od 4,24 u III eksperimentalnoj grupi što je poželjnije od 12,27 koliko je određeno u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje morskih algi (Schizochytrium spp.) u smeše za kokoši nosilje u koncentraciji oko 0,5%, značajno je uticalo na sastav masnih kiselina u žumancetu jajeta kao i na odnos n-6/n-3 PUFA. Ovi rezultati opravdavaju upotrebu algi u ishrani kokoši nosilja sa nutritivne, medicinske i ekonomske tačke gledišta

Environmental Education in Serbian Primary Schools: Challenges and Changes in Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Teacher Training

The protection of human health and the preservation of the environment are topics that form anintegral part of the primary school curriculum in Serbia. However, research studies have shown thatstudents do not have enough knowledge to contribute to the development of a healthy lifestyle andenvironmental awareness. The latest changes in school policy and curricula confirm that the relevanceof environmental education has been recognized, but changes in school practice are yet to come. Thisarticle discusses the challenges encountered in the implementation of the intended curriculum andoffers suggestions for changes to the curriculum, pedagogy, and teacher training in order to enhanceenvironmental educationThis is the peer-reviewd version of the artivle: Stanišić, Jelena, и Slavica Maksić. 2014. „Environmental Education in Serbian Primary Schools: Challenges and Changes in Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Teacher Training“. Journal of Environmental Education 45(2):118–31. doi: 10.1080/00958964.2013.829019.Related to published version: [ http://ipir.ipisr.org.rs/handle/123456789/240