Kültür aktarımı kuramının eleştirisi: Türkiye'nin medenileşme sürecinde çevirinin rolü

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.80'li yıllardan bu yana çeviribilim alanında kültür odaklı teorilerin arttığı gözlemlenmektedir. Çevirinin dilsel bir aktarım olduğunu iddia eden dilbilimsel merkezli yaklaşım zayıflayarak, çevirinin kültürel bir aktarım olduğuna dair olan yaklaşımlar ön plana çıkmıştır. Çeviri faaliyetinin kültürel bir aktarım faaliyeti olduğu kabul edilmesine rağmen, çeviribilimsel açıdan kültür aktarımının kavramsal boyutu, rolü ve işlevi net bir şekilde değerlendirilememektedir. Kültür aktarımıyla ilgili çeviribilimsel yaklaşımların mikro düzeyde ele alındığı ve makro boyutta kuramsal olarak değerlendirilemeyeceği ortadadır. Kültür aktarımı kuramını eleştirel bir açıdan ele alan bu çalışma da, 19. yüzyıl itibariyle Türkiye'nin medenileşme sürecinde çevirinin rolü irdelenerek, Batı'dan yapılan aktarım süreci değerlendirilmektedir. Çeviribilim bağlamında kültür ve medeniyet aktarımı ile çeviri arasındaki ilişkiyi gerekçelendirebilmek için çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, kültür ve medeniyet kavramlarıyla ilgili literatürler taranmış, her iki kavramın tarihsel süreçleri tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle kültür kavramıyla ilgili sınıflandırmalara yer verilerek, sosyal bilimler içerisinde farklı disiplinlerin kültür kavramının hangi boyutu ile ilgilendiği genel olarak yansıtılmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, kültür aktarımı ve medeniyet aktarımını ilişkilendirebilmek amacıyla, kültür aktarımı teorisi, kuramsal ve kavramsal düzlemde mercek altına alınmış; çeviride medeniyet aktarımı yaklaşımını gerekçelendirmek amacıyla, 20. yüzyıl Türk düşünürlerinin medenileşme süreciyle ilgili yaklaşımları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde, çeviride medeniyet aktarımını yaklaşımının alt yapısını oluşturabilmek amacıyla, çeviribilimdeki kültür aktarımı yaklaşımları incelenerek, Türkiye'nin medenileşme sürecinde çevirinin üstlendiği rol ve bu rolün erek kültürün dönüşümü üzerindeki etkileri tespit edilmiştir. Kültür aktarımı kavramını merkeze yerleştiren çeviri kuramlarında, kültür aktarımı mikro düzeyde ele alınmaktadır. Bu nedenle, toplumların medenileşme süreci olarak tanımladıkları batılılaşma ya da modernleşme dönemlerinde görülen yoğun çeviri faaliyetleri makro düzeyde bir medeniyet aktarımı olarak tanımlanabilir.It is observed that culture oriented theories have increased in translation studies since 1980s. As the linguistic centered approach which claims translation is a lingual transfer weakened, approaches which claim translation is a cultural transfer is highlighted. Even though accepting translation activity as a cultural transfer, conceptual dimension, role and function of culture transfer in terms of translation studies were not evaluated transparently. It is clear that translation approaches relating to cultural transfer were handled at micro level and cannot be evaluated at macro level theoretically. In this study which handles culture transfer theory in terms of a critical angle, as the role of the translation during the civilization of Turkey dating from 19th century was evaluated, transfer process from the West was evaluated. In order to justify the connection between culture and civilization with translation within the context of translation studies, literatures relating to culture and civilization concept were scanned in the first part of the study and historical processes of both concept were determined. Especially classifications relating to culture concept were ranked and it is generally reflected that which dimension of the culture concept was dealt by different dimensions of social sciences. In the second part of the study, culture transfer theory was examined closely theoretically and conceptually with the aim of associating culture transfer and civilization transfer; the approaches of 20th Century Turkish Philosophers were evaluated in order to justify the civilization transfer approach in the translation. In the last part of the study, the role of the translation on the civilization process of Turkey and effects of these role on the transformation of the target culture were determined by examining culture transfer approaches in translation studies with the aim of preparing a substructure of civilization transfer in the translation. In the translation theory which places culture transfer concept in the center, culture transfer is handled at micro level. Because of that reason, intense translation activities which appears during the westernization or civilization periods can be identified as civilization transfer at macro level

Finite element method based simulations of low frequency magnetic field in seawater

Ankara : The Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and the Graduate School of Engineering and Science of Bilkent University, 2013.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2013.Includes bibliographical references leaves 91-95.Propagation properties of the electromagnetic waves in seawater are different than in air (vacuum) due to electrical conductivity (σ) and high relative permittivity (εr) of the seawater. Numerically it is hard to solve the electromagnetic waves in seawater for the complex geometries. With the help of the advances in the Finite Element Method (FEM) tools as well as the personal computers, we have chance to analyze magnetic field of the complicated and complex geometries of physical systems in seawater. In this thesis; an air-cored multilayer transmitting coil is designed. Then the low frequency magnetic flux density of this coil in different studies in seawater in COMSOL Multiphysics is solved. In the first study; the magnetic flux density of the coil in air and in seawater for different frequencies on different observation points is solved. In the second study; the shielding effect of the material of the case of the coil as well as the thickness of the case is analyzed. Specific materials as well as thickness for the case are proposed. In the third study; the perturbation of the magnetic flux density of the coil due to a metal plate is analyzed. The material of the metal plate is taken iron and copper. Iron has high relative permeability ( r) and high electrical conductivity (σ). Copper has unity permeability ( 0) and high electrical conductivity (σ). Effect of the high electrical conductivity on the perturbation of the magnetic flux density on the observation point is analyzed. Effect of high relative permeability on the phase shift of the field on the observation point is observed. A detection region for the plate and coil geometries according to the attenuation of the secondary fields caused by the eddy currents on the metal plate is proposed. In the last study; perturbation of ambient Earth magnetic field due to a submarine is solved and how this perturbation can be imitated by an underwater system, which tows a DC current carrying wire is analyzed. These underwater systems are used to test detection performance of magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) equipped aircrafts.Şimşek, Fatih EmreM.S

The effect of translations, that is done under the control of state, on the social and cultural change from the last period of Ottomans to the first period of Republic of Turkey

Translations have always been the starting point for nations in the adventure of their participation to civilization. So that, all civilizations have experienced some translation activities and a period of translation at the beginning of their developmental periods. Those nations that have deep and intense relations with translations have also been very fast in the path of civilization progress. The Ottoman Empire was not able to succeed translation activities well enough and of course the recent moves were also not sufficient. The movement for the modernization of the Ottoman Empire that lasted for a period of more than 100 years was carried out with intense translation activities in every field. These translation activities in due course have turned into the production of western-oriented cultural, literary and political works. Western-oriented movements formed the most important idea or thought in the transformation of the Ottoman Empire to a democratic republic. The very early years of the Republic of Turkey experienced also translations made entirely from the Western cultures that shaped areas such as culture, literature, politics, law etc. Although translations play an important turning point for nations, the translation method also reveals the goal in which direction the nations will carry on their developments. By analyzing the aims and methods of translations, it is possible to see what role translations have played or will play in the transformation process of nations. Actually the translation method and aim of shaping our culture of 'translation movements in the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey', which is actually our topic, will reveal the social effects and contributions of translations to changes in our country

Blood feeding preferences of laboratory-reared aedes albopictus for human blood groups and its effect on their fertility

Female mosquitoes require both sugar and blood for feeding. They show distinct host preferences depending on behavioral, ecological, and physiological factors. Knowledge of the feeding behavior of Aedes albopictus, one of the primary vectors of Dengue, is critical in disease prevention measures. This study was aimed to determine the preference of Ae. albopictus on human blood groups (ABO) and their effects on female fecundity. Laboratory colonies of these mosquitoes were offered O, A, B, and AB blood via artificial membrane feeders, and blood meal preferences were identified using multiplex allelespecific PCR. Fertility was assessed by the mean number of eggs laid. Results showed that Ae. albopictus species significantly preferred the O blood group compared to others and blood type choice did not affect the fertility of the mosquitoes. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing blood feeding choice of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes directly using human blood, hereby reducing the effects of factors such as odor when using human participants. The results of this study provide a new perspective on the still partially unknown ABO blood group host selection of mosquitoes, promoting the personal protection of individuals in at-risk populations

Distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus in Türkiye

Objective:Aedes cretinus, a white and black stripped Aedes species, shares morphological similarities with Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti which are among the most important vectors and invasive species in the world. Due to its limited distribution and low population density, information on the biology and ecology of the species has been limited so far. This study aimed to determine distribution of Ae. cretinus in Türkiye.Methods:Field works have been carried out in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions of Türkiye. Larval samples were collected by larval dippers while adult mosquito catches were performed using the human landing catch method and CDC-light traps.Results:A total of 44 different Ae. cretinus populations were identified in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions of Türkiye. The larval specimen collected from small containers, tires, tree holes and natural small habitats. A plane (Platanus orientalis), walnut (Juglans regia), Türkiye oak (Quercus cerris), chestnut (Castenea sativa) and cedar (Cedrus libani) tree holes are the main larval habitats in which the specimen collected. In some localities, larvae were found together with Anopheles plumbeus, Anopheles claviger and Aedes geniculatus larvae in tree holes. Human landing catch method captured a greater number of females than CDC-light traps.Conclusion:This study determined the distribution of Ae. cretinus in Türkiye for the first time. Information on respective geographic distribution of Ae. cretinus is fundamental for effective control programmes. Further studies are needed to understand the biology and ecology of these species

Hydrology and hydrochemistry of marble aquifer with point recharge from two deep sinkholes, Menderes Massive, western Turkey

Menderes Massive is a NE–SW-trending metamorphic terrain in western Anatolia. The massive is composed of regionally metamorphosed rocks of mica-schist and marble. The Bozdag Mountain is the main horst system in Kucuk Menderes river basin. It is composed of several N-S oriented small horsts and grabens and contains important karst features, such as poljes and sinkholes. Ayvacik and Subatan Poljes are typical closed depressions draining into Ayvacik and Subatan sinkholes (ponors). Both are developed along the N-S directed fault system. The main objective of this study is to determine the karstification and hydrogeochemical features of water circulating in marble terrain and controlled by deep sinkholes in the Bozdag Mountain. Detailed speleological studies demonstrated that the degree of karstification of marble rock depends on the regional tectonic structure, the mineralogy of marble and the water recharge rate into the sinkholes. Tritium isotope and tracer tests indicate very fast flow and connection between Subatan surface water and a spring in lower elevations with high Ca and Mg ion concentration at the south of the study area. Hidrogeologija in hidrokemija marmornega vodonosnika s ponornim točkovnim napajanjem (Masiv Meredes, zahodna Turčija)Masiv Menderes je območje metamorfnih kamnin v zahodni Anatoliji, Turčija. Razteza se v smeri SV–JZ in je sestavljeno predvsem iz regionalno metamorfiziranih sljudnih skrilavcev in marmorjev. Goro Bozdag sestavlja sistem manjših grud in tektonskih jarkov, orientiranih v smeri sever-jug. Masiv je delno zakrasel, s tipičnimi kraškimi oblikami, med katere spadata tudi polji Ayvacik in Subatan, ki se drenirata skozi istoimenske ponore. Obe polji sta razviti v prelomni coni orientirani v smeri sever-jug. Glavni namen opisane raziskave je določiti stopnjo zakraselosti območja in hidrokemične lastnosti vode, ki teče skozi marmornati masiv. Podrobne speleološke raziskave so pokazale, da je zakraselost močno pogojena z regionalno geološko strukturo, mineraloško sestavo marmorja in velikostjo dotokov v ponore. Izotopske analize tritija in sledenje podzemnih voda kažejo na hiter tok in povezavo med poljem Subatan in visoko mineraliziranimi izviri na jugu obravnavanega območja. 

Prediction of Biomass Pyrolysis Mechanisms and Kinetics: Application of the Kalman Filter

In order to predict the pyrolysis mechanisms of four different biomasses (Asbos (Psilocaulon utile), Kraalbos (Galenia africane), Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens), and palm shell), a novel method called Kalman filter was investigated and the results were compared by regression analysis. Both analyses were applied to five different generalized biomass pyrolysis models consisting of parallel and serial irreversible-reversible reaction steps. The models consisting of reversible reactions in addition to parallel pyrolysis steps demonstrated a better fit with the experimental results. The pyrolysis step from biomass to bio-oil has the highest reaction rates compared with the other pyrolysis steps defined in the models. The Kalman filter is thus defined as a promising filtering and prediction method for the estimation of detailed pyrolysis mechanisms and model parameters, using minimum experimental data

Bilateral Sigmoid Sinus Thrombosis and Otitis Media

Sigmoid sinus thrombosis is a rare complication of otitis media and is known to be unilateral. In this report, we present a case of bilateral sigmoid sinus thrombosis secondary to bilateral otitis. To the best of our knowledge, there are no bilateral-simultaneous cases reported in literature to date. Here, the diagnosis of and treatment for the disease as well as predisposing factors are discussed

A Retrospective Assessment of Pediatric Dental Trauma Patients Before and During the COVID-19 Outbreak

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the number of patients admitted to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Atatürk University Faculty of Dentistry in 2020 due to dental trauma with the previous year, and to determine the causes and forms of trauma during the pandemic). Methods: In this retrospective study, dental trauma records were evaluated. The number of patients admitted, their age, sex, type of trauma, location of the trauma, and the affected teeth were analyzed. The distribution of trauma cases over the years in terms of sex, dentition, jaw, and location was evaluated using Chi-square analysis. Results: The incidence of dental trauma among the patients who visited our clinic in 2019 and 2020 was 0.35% and 0.83%, respectively. Enamel-dentin fractures from dental hard tissue injuries were the most common type of trauma in both years. No statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of trauma cases by year in terms of sex, dentition, jaw, and location (p>0.05). Conclusion: The COVID-19 outbreak led to a reduction in dental trauma cases. However, it is noteworthy that dental traumas occurred more frequently in outdoor environments, despite restrictions on children going out due to the pandemic. Since no significant reduction in the frequency of dental traumas was observed during the COVID-19 outbreak in children, it is important to inform parents and children about avoiding certain risky behaviors and protection methods.. Keywords: COVID-19 outbreak, Pediatric dentistry, Dental trauma Pediatrik Diş Travması Hastalarının COVİD-19 Salgını Öncesi ve Sırasında Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi ÖZ Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Çocuk Diş Hekimliği Anabilim Dalı'na 2020 yılında diş travması nedeniyle başvuran hasta sayısını bir önceki yılla karşılaştırmak ve pandemi döneminde travmanın nedenlerini ve şekillerini belirlemektir. Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif çalışmada diş travma kayıtları değerlendirildi. Başvuru yapan hasta sayısı, yaşı, cinsiyeti, travma tipi, travmanın yeri ve etkilenen dişler analiz edildi. Travma olgularının yıllara göre cinsiyet, diş, çene ve lokasyona göre dağılımı Ki-kare analizi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Kliniğimize 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında başvuran hastalarda diş travması görülme sıklığı sırasıyla %0,35 ve %0,83 idi. Diş sert doku yaralanmalarına bağlı mine-dentin kırıkları her iki yılda da en sık görülen travma tipiydi. Travma olgularının yıllara göre cinsiyet, diş yapısı, çene ve lokasyona göre dağılımında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı (p>0,05). Sonuç: COVİD-19 salgını diş travması vakalarında azalmaya neden olmuştur. Ancak pandemi nedeniyle çocukların dışarı çıkması kısıtlanmasına rağmen diş travmalarının dış ortamlarda daha sık meydana geldiği dikkat çekiyor. Çocuklarda COVİD-19 salgını sırasında diş travmalarının sıklığında anlamlı bir azalma görülmediğinden, ebeveynlerin ve çocukların bazı riskli davranışlardan kaçınma ve korunma yöntemleri konusunda bilgilendirilmesi önemlidir. Anahtar Kelimeler : COVID-19 salgını, Çocuk diş hekimliği, Diş travmas

Comparison of Early-period Results of Nasal Splint and Merocel Nasal Packs in Septoplasty

Objective:Several types of nasal packs are used postoperatively in septoplasty. In this study, we compared two commonly used nasal packing materials, the intranasal septal splint with airway and Merocel tampon, in terms of pain, bleeding, nasal obstruction, eating difficulties, discomfort in sleep, and pain and bleeding during removal of packing in the early period.Methods:The study group included 60 patients undergoing septoplasty. Patients were divided into two groups (n=30 in each group). An intranasal splint with airway was used for the patients in the first group after septoplasty, while Merocel nasal packing was used for the second group. Patients were investigated in terms of seven different factors - pain, bleeding while the tampon was in place, nasal obstruction, eating difficulties, night sleep, pain during removal of the nasal packing, and bleeding after removal of packing.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of pain 24 hours after operation (p=0.05), while visual analog scale (VAS) scores for nasal obstruction, night sleep, eating difficulties, and pain during packing removal were lower in the nasal splint group with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of postoperative bleeding (p=0.23). Significantly less bleeding occurred during removal of the packing in the nasal splint group (p<0.05).Conclusion:Our study indicates that the nasal splint was more comfortable and effective in terms of causing lesser bleeding and pain during removal of packing