The Impact Of Covid 19 On The Selected Turkish Financial Indicators: Empirical Evidence From Toda Yamamoto Causality Test

Humanity has suffered from COVID 19 since December 2019. A global pandemic was declared by World Health Organization on 11 March 2021 (WHO, 2019). Pandemics such as bleeding fever, cholera, SARS, MERS, and swine flu have affected humanity throughout history. During pandemic periods, the measures, panic, decline in labor power, and consumption cause economic crises. Like other pandemics, COVID 19 has negative effects on countries, businesses, and households economically (Eichenbaum, Rebelo, and Trabandt, 2020: 1). Many studies have found a statistically significant relationship between public health variables (life expectancy, maternal mortality, etc.) and the economy (Bloom and Sachs, 1998; Robalino et al., 2002). One of the public health elements that have direct or indirect effects on economies is an infectious disease outbreak. Infectious disease outbreaks directly affect economies with their impact on the health system, medical care, and supporting services (Mckibbin and Fernando 2020: 3). In the literature, studies are analyzing economic indicators with epidemics of different dates (Chen et al., 2018; Gong, Jiang, and Lu, 2020; McKibbin and Sidorenko, 2006). Although only one and a half years old, the economic effects of COVID 19 are extensively studied in the literature. Zhang, Hu, and Ji (2020) analyze the economic impact of Covid 19 in 12 countries. Zhang, Hu, and Ji (2020) argue that pandemic increases the risk in global markets, but the uncertainty and risk in countries change according to the situation of the pandemic. Huo and Qiu (2020) analyze the consequences of COVID 19 on the stock market in China with the Cumulative abnormal returns method. According to Huo and Qiu (2020), the retail investor reacted more strongly to the lockdown news. Baker et al. (2020) argue that the consumption of households changed radically during the COVID 19 pandemic process. During the pandemic period, households’ credit card, retail, and food items spending increased. Bartik et al. (2020) survey to put forward the COVID 19’s economic effect on small businesses in the USA. The survey includes 5.819 participants. 43% of the participants temporarily closed their businesses. Businesses reduced their employee numbers by % 40 percent. Ludvigson, Ma, and Ng (2020) argue that production, labor market activities, and employment were affected by COVID 19 negatively in the world. This study measures the relationship between COVID 19 case and death effect on financial indicators with the Toda Yamamoto Causality test

Comparison of Efficacy and Complications of Holmium Laser and Pneumatic Lithotripters Used in the Ureterorenoscopic Treatment of Proximal Ureter Stones, a Multi-Center Study of Society of Urological Surgery Aegean Study Group

Objective:The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and complications of holmium laser and pneumatic lithotripsy used in the ureterorenoscopic treatment of proximal ureteral stones.Materials and Methods:Data of 638 patients, who underwent ureterorenoscopy (URS) due to proximal ureteral stones in different centers, were obtained from patient files. The patients were divided into two groups according to the type of lithotripter used: group 1; laser lithotripter (n=324; 50.8%) and group 2; pneumatic lithotripter (n=314; 49.2%). URS was considered successful upon determination stone-free status with the imaging methods after treatment. The effectiveness and the complications of holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and pneumatic lithotripsy were compared.Results:The total success rate of URS was 82.6% and the complication rate was 8.1%. The mean age of patients was similar between the groups; however, the body mass index values, stone surface area and stone Hounsfield unit were significantly higher in group 1. Although the mean operative time, complication rate and the mean length of hospital stay were similar between the groups; the URS success and postoperative ureteral J stent use rates were significantly higher in group 1 and the push-back rate was significantly higher in group 2.Conclusion:If laser lithotripsy is available in a clinic, we believe that it is better to use it as the first option in the treatment of proximal ureter stones. However, considering that it is not easy to access laser lithotripters due to their high cost in Turkey, pneumatic lithotripters may be an effective and inexpensive alternative that can also be safely used in these cases

Effect of the Anesthetic Method on the Outcomes of Ureteroscopy for Proximal Ureteral Stones: A Multi-center Study of the Society of Urological Surgery Aegean Study Group

Objective:To analyze the effect of the anesthesia method (spinal and general) on the outcome of ureteroscopy (URS) in patients treated for proximal ureteral stones.Materials and Methods:Patients, who underwent URS for proximal ureteral stones at various urology clinics in Turkiye, were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the anesthesia method performed; the procedure was performed under spinal anesthesia (SA) in group 1 and general anesthesia (GA) in group 2. Patients’ demographic, perioperative data and complication rates were compared between the two groups in a retrospective manner.Results:There were 309 and 329 patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The mean stone area and Hounsfield unit in GA group were higher (p0.05). The rate of success of URS, which is accepted as complete stone-free status, was higher in the SA group (p=0.041).Conclusion:URS, which is used in the treatment of proximal ureteral stones, has a high success rate, independent of the anesthesia method used. It is important to keep in mind the patient’s comorbidities prior to selecting the anesthesia method and that the stone area and the Hounsfield unit are the important factors affecting the outcomes

Tarımın faizsiz araçlarla finansmanı

Dini, ekonomik ve sosyal sebeplerle yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında faizsiz finansman araçları ortaya çıkmıştır. İslamiyet’in erken dönemindeki uygulamalar esas alınarak ve geleneksel finansman araçlarının İslami hükümlerle uyumlaştırılması ile oluşturulan faizsiz finansman araçları, geleneksel finansman araçlarıyla birlikte tasarrufların yatırımlara dönüşmesine yardımcı olurken dini hassasiyetleri sebebiyle finansal piyasalarda yer almayan yatırımcılar için iyi bir alternatiftir. Faizsiz finansman araçlarının etkin bir şekilde kullanılacağı alanlardan biri tarımsal üretimdir. Faizsiz finansman araçları, yapısı itibariyle tarımın finansmanı için uygun özelliklere sahiptir. Tarımsal üretimin finansmanı, tarımın kendine has yapısı ve sektörün içinde barındırdığı riskler sebebiyle üzerinde önemle durulması gereken bir konudur. Sektörün her kesimine ulaşabilmek ve tarımsal üretimin karakterine uygun hareket edebilmek adına faizsiz finansman araçlarının tarımın finansmanında kullanılması gerekmektedir. Bu tezde tarımın dünyadaki ve Türkiye’deki durumuna değinilip, tarımın finansmanında kullanılan mevcut finansman yöntemlerinden bahsedildikten sonra yeni bir alternatif olarak faizsiz finansman araçları tanıtılmaya ve uygulamaya yönelik öneriler sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Her bir finansman aracına ilişkin muhasebe kayıtları da yapıldıktan sonra tezin son bölümünde faizsiz finansman araçlarının doğru bir şekilde uygulanabilmesi konusunda önem taşıyan hukuki düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Tezde faizsiz finansman araçlarının, emek yoğun ve düşük sermaye ile çalışan tarım üreticileri için uygun finansman araçları olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ancak Türkiye’deki faizsiz finansman sistemiyle tarımsal üretimde etkin bir faizsiz finansman mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple tezde sunulan önerilere uygun bir faizsiz finansman organizasyonunun kurulması önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca faizsiz finansman mevzuatı geleneksel finansman ile faizsiz finansmanın arasındaki farkı ortaya koyma ve finansman araçlarının uygulanmasına ilişkin yol gösterme konularında eksiktir. -------------------- In the second half of the twentieth century, interest-free financing instruments were developed for religious, economic and social reasons. The interest-free financing instruments which On the basis of early Islamist practices and the harmonization of traditional financing instruments with Islamic provisions, are a good alternative for investors who do not participate in financial markets due to their religious sensitivity while helping to transform savings into investments with traditional financing instruments. Agricultural production is one of the areas where interest-free financing instruments can be used effectively. Interest-free financing instruments have appropriate characteristic features for the financing of agriculture. The financing of agricultural production is an issue that needs to be emphasized due to the unique structure of agriculture and the risks inherent in the sector. In order to be able to appeal to all parts of the sector and to act in accordance with the character of agricultural production, interest-free financing instruments should be used in the financing of agriculture. In this thesis, situation of agriculture in world and in Turkey mentioned and after the mention about existing financing methods used financing agriculture, new alternative to interest-free financing instruments have been tried to be introduced and offered suggestions for implementation. After the accounting records about to each financing instrument have been made, In the last part of the thesis, the legal regulations which are important for the correct application of interest-free financing instruments were examined. In the thesis, it was concluded that interest-free financing instruments are suitable for agricultural producers who working with labor intensive and low capital. However, with interest-free financing system in Turkey, efficient financing agriculture with interest free instruments is not possible. For this reason, it is important to establish an interest-free financing organization in accordance with the proposals presented in the thesis. Interest-free financing legislation is also lacking in the allocation of traditional financing and interest-free financing and information about the implementation of financing instruments

Comparative Analysis of BIST 100 and Corporate Governance Index Volatilities

Kurumsal yönetim ilkelerini benimseyen ve uygulayan firmaların hisse senetlerinden oluşan Kurumsal Yönetim Endeksi'nin volatilitesinin ulusal gösterge endeksi olan BİST 100 Endeksinin volatilitesine göre daha düşük olup olmadığını sınamak amacıyla; ARCH, GARCH, EGARCH ve TGARCH modelleri kullanılarak 31.08.2007 - 31.12.2013 tarihleri arasında BİST Kurumsal Yönetim ve BİST 100 Endekslerine ait 1592 adet günlük veri kullanılarak E - Views 8 ekonometri paket programı yardımıyla analizler gerçekleştitilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre her iki piyasada da volatilite kümelenmeleri gözlemlenmiştir. Piyasada meydana gelen şokların yarılanma süresi BİST 100 Endeksinde göre daha azdır. Hesaplanan volatilitelerde ise XKURY Endeksinin volatilitesi BİST 100 Endeksine göre daha düşük seviyede gerçekleşmiştir. Böylelikle Kurumsal yönetim ilkelerini benimseyen ve uygulayan firmaların hisse senetlerinden oluşan Kurumsal Yönetim Endeksi'nde risk oranı BİST 100 Endeksine nazaran daha düşük olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştırThe main hypothesis of this study, which is 'The volatility of the ISE Corporate Governance Index that consists of stocks of firms to adopt and implement the principles of corporate governance, is lower than the volatility of ISE 100, ISE 50 and ISE 30 indexes', was analyzed by using ARCH, GARCH, EGARCH and TGARCH model by E-Views. Between 31.08.2007 - 31.12.2013, 1592 daily datas that belong to Corporate Governance and ISE100 indexes were used for analysing. According to results, volatility clustering has been observed in both indexes. Half-life of volatility experienced in ISE 100 Index is lower than Corporate Govarnence Index. As a result; the volatility of the Corporate Governance Index that consists of stocks of firms to adopt and implement the principles of corporate governance, is lower than the volatility of ISE 100 has been reache

Fabrication and characterization of Fe3O4/perlite, Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2, and Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide magnetic nanomaterials

Abstract In this study, the fabrication of perlite-supported Fe3O4 (Fe3O4/perlite), SiO2-coated Fe3O4/perlite (Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2), and sulfanilamide-modified Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2 (Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide) magnetic nanomaterials and their characterization by various spectroscopic techniques were presented. For this purpose, first, Fe3O4/perlite was fabricated via the co-precipitation method. Then, Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2 and Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide nanomaterials were fabricated using the sol–gel method. The structural properties of the fabricated nanomaterials were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The SEM, SEM–EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses revealed that the fabrication and surface coatings of the Fe3O4/perlite, Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2, and Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide were successfully performed. It was concluded that the Fe3O4/perlite, Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2, and Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide showed a type IV-H3 hysteresis loop according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry classification. According to the BET analysis, it was found that the specific surface areas of the Fe3O4/perlite, Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2, and Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide were 8.09, 12.71, and 5.89 m2/g, respectively. The average pore radius of the Fe3O4/perlite, Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2, and Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide were 9.68, 7.91, and 34.69 nm, respectively, using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method. Moreover, the half-pore widths of the Fe3O4/perlite, Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2, and Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide were 2.27, 1.58, and 17.99 nm, respectively, using the density functional theory method. Furthermore, in light of characterization findings, the Fe3O4/perlite, Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2, and Fe3O4/perlite@SiO2@sulfanilamide were in crystalline cubic spinel form, and they had mechanical and thermal stability and a mesoporous structure. Within the framework of the results, these developed nanomaterials, which have potential in many applications, such as sustainable technologies and environmental safety technologies, were brought to the attention of related fields

Doğu Akdeniz’in Kabuk Yapısı ve Sismik Hız Dağılımının Üç Boyutlu Sismik Tomografi ile Belirlenmesi

Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi, Doğu Anadolu ve Ölü Deniz Fay zonları ile Kıbrıs yayının üçlü birleşimi tarafından oluşturulan tektonik yapının etkisi altında kalmakta ve günümüzde yüksek derecede sismik risk taşımaktadır. Bölgede, tarihsel ve aletsel dönemde büyüklüğü 5 ve üzeri olan çok sayıda deprem meydana gelmiştir. Bu depremler, çok sayıda insanımız hayatını kaybetmesine ve milyarlarca dolar değerinde mal kaybına neden olmuştur. Yakın tarihimizde oluşan 1998 Adana Ceyhan depremi, 145 can kaybına, 1500’den fazla insanımızın da yaralanmasına sebep olurken,  binden fazla bina tamamen çökmüş 10000’den fazla bina ise ağır olarak hasar görmüştür. Tektonik açıdan oldukça önemli bir konumda bulunan ve Sismotektonik aktivitenin yüksek olduğu Doğu Akdeniz’de, 3-B kabuk yapısının ortaya konulduğu tomografi çalışmalarının ne kadar önem arz ettiği açıktır. Bu çalışma ile bölgede, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü’ne ait 20 deprem istasyonu tarafından kaydedilen 7467depreme ait, 36.220 P ve 16.936 S dalgası varış zamanı ters çözüm esasına dayanan Poisson Oranı Tomografisi metodu kullanılarak, kabuk ve hız yapısı incelenmiştir. Bölgede sismotektonik açıdan ne türden bir değişim olduğu ve Doğu Akdeniz’in sismik hızı ve kabuk yapısı tomografik modelleme ile 3-B olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sayede bölgede düşük ve yüksek hızlı alanlar ve bölgesel dağlımı ortaya konulmuştur

Fabrication and characterization of 3,4-diaminobenzophenone-functionalized magnetic nanoadsorbent with enhanced VOC adsorption and desorption capacity

The present study, for the first time, utilized 3,4-diaminobenzophenone (DABP)-functionalized Fe3O4/AC@SiO2 (Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized as a nanoadsorbent for enhancing adsorption and desorption capacity of gaseous benzene and toluene as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs used in adsorption and desorption of benzene and toluene were synthesized by the co-precipitation and sol-gel methods. The synthesized MNPs were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA/DTA, and BET surface area analysis. Moreover, the optimization of the process parameters, namely contact time, initial VOC concentration, and temperature, was performed by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Adsorption results demonstrated that the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs had excellent adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacities for benzene and toluene were found as 530.99 and 666.00 mg/g, respectively, under optimum process parameters (contact time 55.47 min, initial benzene concentration 17.57 ppm, and temperature 29.09 °C; and contact time 57.54 min, initial toluene concentration 17.83 ppm, and temperature 27.93 °C for benzene and toluene, respectively). In addition to the distinctive adsorptive behavior, the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs exhibited a high reproducibility adsorption and desorption capacity. After the fifth adsorption and desorption cycles, the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs retained 94.4% and 95.4% of its initial adsorption capacity for benzene and toluene, respectively. Kinetic and isotherm findings suggested that the adsorption mechanisms of benzene and toluene on the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs were physical processes. The results indicated that the successfully synthesized Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs can be applied as an attractive, highly effective, reusable, and cost-effective adsorbent for the adsorption of VOC pollutants. Graphical abstract[Figure not available: see fulltext.

Development of Novel Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ Magnetic Nanoparticles with Outstanding VOC Removal Capacity: Characterization, Optimization, Reusability, Kinetics, and Equilibrium Studies

The adsorption of pollutants to the surface of adsorbents plays a critical role in the effectiveness of adsorption technology for air purification applications. Herein, novel magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone (1,4-DAAQ), namely, Fe3O4/activated carbon (AC)@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ, were innovatively synthesized via co-precipitation and sol-gel techniques. After that, these nanoparticles were used for high-efficiency removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (i.e., benzene and toluene). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The dynamic adsorption process of VOCs was optimized based on operating parameters. The adsorption experiments revealed that Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ showed exceptional performance for the removal of VOCs. It was observed that for benzene, Fe3O4, AC, Fe3O4/AC, Fe3O4/AC@SiO2, and Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ exhibited dynamic adsorption capacities of 180.25, 228.87, 295.84, 382.10, and 1232.77 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, for toluene, they exhibited dynamic adsorption capacities of 191.08, 274.53, 310.26, 421.30, and 1352.16 mg/g, respectively. This indicated that the modification of 1,4-DAAQ could greatly enhance the dynamic adsorption capacity of Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ for VOCs. In addition to the apparent adsorptive behavior in removing VOCs, Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ exhibited high repeatability. After ten consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles, for benzene and toluene, Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ retained 79.36 and 78.24% of its initial adsorption capacity, respectively. According to the characterization results, the average pore diameter for Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ was determined to be 24.46 nm, indicating that they were in the mesopore range. The adsorption mechanism of the VOCs on Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ was clarified by investigating the isotherm and kinetic criteria in detail. Isotherm models suggested that the adsorption process of VOCs is physical. Moreover, from the analysis of diffusion-based rate-limiting kinetic models, the findings reveal a combination of intraparticle diffusion as well as film diffusion throughout the adsorption process of VOCs. In addition, it was concluded from the analysis of the mass transfer model factors that global mass transfer and internal diffusion are more effective than film diffusion. The results demonstrated that the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ nanoadsorbent is a promising material for the effective removal of VOCs

Memenin Benign Lezyonlarından Fibromatozis

Meme lezyonlarına günümüzde sıklıkla rastlanmakla beraber; özellikle bayanlarda ciddi bir sağlık sorunu haline gelmiştir. Belli başlı meme tümörleri arasında benign olarak fibrokistik hastalık ve fibroadenomlar yer alırken; malign olarak duktal ve lobuler karsinomlar ilk sıraları almaktadır. Bu olgumuzda memede kitle ile kliniğimize başvuran ve yapılan operasyon sonrası mezenkimal bir tümör olan ‘fibromatozis’ tanısı alan hastayı sunmayı amaçladı