Regional Reference Values of Thyroid Gland Volume in Turkish Adults

Introduction It is important to know the size of the thyroid gland, and its normal value may vary among different geographic regions. Objective In this study, we aimed to establish reference ranges for thyroid volume in euthyroid adults and to compare these results with the literature data. Methods Between June 2011 and June 2012, 461 patients with normal laboratory results (serum TSH, anti-TG, anti-TPO antibodies and urine iodine level) that underwent thyroid gland ultrasound examination were retrospectively analyzed. Two hundred and 92 patients were females and 169 were males; the age range was 18-61 years with mean age 30.84 +/- 9.97 years. Length, breadth and thickness were measured, and the volume of each lobe was estimated using the ellipsoid formula. Results The overall mean thyroid volume in all patients who were examined was 12.98 +/- 2.53 mL. The mean thyroid volume in females and males was 12.09 +/- 2.05 mL and 14.53 +/- 2.55, respectively (p<0.05). The right thyroid lobe volume was greater than the left in all patients of both sexes. In addition, the study establishes a significant correlation between the thyroid volume and height, weight and body surface area of the subjects of both sexes (p<0.05). In the light of our findings we can provide reference values in order to evaluate patients who have thyroid hyperplasia or who are considered as normal. Conclusion We consider that further studies are necessary to establish national references thyroid volume for each country

2,3-Dibromo-1-[4-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-di­meth­oxy­benz­yl)-2,5-dimeth­oxy­benz­yl]-4,5-dimeth­oxy­benzene

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C26H26Br4O6, is located around a crystallographic inversion center. The dihedral angle between the central benzene ring and the outer benzene ring is 89.26 (1)°

Beneficial Effects of Quercetin on the Zone of Stasis in an Experimental Burn Model

Objective: In burn injury, the zone of stasis determines the width and depth of the necrosis. Our aim is to show the effectiveness of quercetin on the viability within the zone of stasis in burns of rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight rats were divided into three groups. The rats in Group 1 (control group) were only applied the comb burn model; the rats in Group 2 (post-burn group) were administered 50 mg/kg of quercetin intraperitoneally, every day after the burn procedure until euthanasia; and the rats in Group 3 (pre-burn group) were administered 50 mg/kg of quercetin intraperitoneally, every day for 7 days before and after the burn procedure until euthanasia. Results: The living tissue calculated was 85.41% (+/- 14.06) in Group 3, 40.37% (+/- 9.75) in Group 2, and 16.81% (+/- 9.4) in Group 1. The level of apoptosis was 30.0 (+/- 10.8) in Group 3, 33.8 (+/- 08.7) in Group 2, and 37.4 (+/- 11.5) in Group 1. The level of autophagy was 49.50 (+/- 8.58) in Group 3, 27.17 (+/- 5.53) in Group 2, and 21.00 (+/- 5.66) in Group 1. All the differences between the groups were statistically significant (p< 0.01). Conclusion: Quercetin reduces apoptosis and increases autophagy, thereby increasing tissue viability in the zone of stasis of burn injury.Namik Kemal University Research Center [NKUBAP.00.20.AR.15.01]The article was supported under project NKUBAP.00.20.AR.15.01 by the Namik Kemal University Research Center

catena-Poly[[[bis­(4-ethyl­benzoato-κ2 O,O′)lead(II)]-μ-nicotinamide-κ2 N 1:O] monohydrate]

In the crystal structure of the polymeric title compound, {[Pb(C9H9O2)2(C6H6N2O)]·H2O}n, the six-coordinate PbII ion is chelated by two 4-ethyl­benzoate (PEB) anions and is bridged by two nicotinamide (NA) ligands, forming a polymeric chain running along the b axis. The carboxyl­ate groups of the PEB ions are twisted away from the attached benzene rings by 4.0 (6) and 13.3 (5)°. The two benzene rings of the PEB ions bonded to the same metal ion are oriented at a dihedral angle of 87.4 (3)°. In the polymeric chain, the NA ligand is linked to one of the carboxyl­ate groups via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. In the crystal, adjacent polymeric chains inter­act via N—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds; and the lattice water mol­ecule links with the polymeric chains via N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. π–π stacking between the benzene and the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.805 (5) Å] and weak C—H⋯π inter­actions are also observed in the crystal structure

N′-[(E)-Benzyl­idene]-1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carbohydrazide

In the title compound, C19H18N4O2, the 1,8-naphthyridine ring system is essentially planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.011 (3) Å]. The dihedral angle between the naphthyridine ring system and the phenyl ring is 28.95 (7)°. The carbohydrazide H atom is involved in an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond, forming a six-membered hydrogen-bonded ring. In the crystal, the mol­ecules arrange themselves into centrosymmetric dimers by means of inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Evaluation of conventional imaging techniques on preoperative localization in primary hyperparathyroidism

We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and preoperative localization capacity of Tc-99m methoxyisobutylnitrile (MIBI) parathyroid scintigraphy and ultrasonography (USG) in enlarged parathyroid glands in the primary hyperparathyroidism (pH PT), as well as the relationship between the success rate of these techniques and biochemical values. We retrospectively evaluated 39 patients with clinical and biological evidence of pHPT who referred to the university hospital for MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy. Patients were examined with USG and double-phase MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy for the detection of enlarged parathyroid glands. Preoperative serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, calcium (Ca), phosphate and alkaline phosphatase measurements were obtained. A total of 45 parathyroid lesions in 39 patients were reviewed. Thirty-four patients had a single adenoma and five patients with multi-gland disease had 11 abnormal parathyroid glands including three adenomas, whereas the remaining 8 glands showed hyperplasia. The overall sensitivities of MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy, USG, and combined techniques were 85.3%, 72.5% and 90.4%, respectively; the positive predictive values (PPV) were 89.7%, 85.2%, and 92.6%, respectively. The most successful approach for detection of enlarged parathyroid glands in hyperparathyroidism is the concurrent application of USG and MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy modalities. The concomitance of thyroid diseases decreases the sensitivity of both MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy and USG in enlarged parathyroid glands

rac-3,4-trans-Dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro-2-naphthyl acetate

The title compound, C12H12Cl2O2, has a bicyclic skeleton containing cyclo­hexene and benzene fragments. The cyclo­hexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation with displacements of two atoms out of the least-squares plane of 0.311 (2) and −0.336 (2) Å. The Cl atoms are trans-positioned

Construction of new 1D and 2D coordination polymers generated from rigid N,N′-bis(4-pyridylmethylene)-1,5-naphthalenediamine ligand:Syntheses, crystal structures and luminescence properties

Treatment of N,N′-bis(4-pyridylmethylene)-1,5-naphthalenediamine (L) with Pb(OAc)2/KBr, Cu(acac)2, and Cu(OAc)2 afforded three new coordination polymers [Pb(μ-L)(μ-Br)2]n (1), [Cu(μ-L)(acac)2]n (2), and [Cu2(μ-L)(μ-OAc)4]n (3). These coordination polymers have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 has a 2D sheet structure in which the lead(II) centers are bridged by both L and bromide ligands. Compound 2 adopts a 1D neutral coordination chain and consists of bis(2,4-pentanedionato) copper(II) units connected by rigid bridging L ligands. The structure of compound 3 also adopts a 1D neutral coordination chain in which two copper centers are connected through four acetate groups to form a Cu(OAc)4Cu paddle-wheel-type cage between two bridging L ligands. The FT-IR spectra, thermal behavior and photoluminescence properties of these coordination polymers have also been investigated.</p

Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of novel bromophenols including natural products

(2-Bromo-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) methanone (10) and its derivatives with Br, one dibromide and isomeric three tribromides, were synthesized. Demethylation of these compounds afforded a series of new bromophenols. Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) isozyme by these new bromophenols and naturally occurring 3,4,6-tribromo-5-(2,5-dibromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl) benzene-1,2-diol (3), and 5,5'-methylenebis(3,4,6-tribromo-benzene-1,2-diol) (4) was investigated. The synthesized compounds showed carbonic anhydrase inhibitory capacities with IC50 values in the range of 0.7-372 mu M against hCA II. Some bromophenols investigated here showed effective hCA II inhibitory activity and might be used as leads for generating novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors which are valuable drug candidates for the treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy, gastric and duodenal ulcers, neurological disorders, or osteoporosis

Assessment of procedure related anxiety and depression in oncologic patients before F-18 FDG PET-CT imaging

Background: The aim of this study was to study objectively the level of anxiety and depression in patients undergoing positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT).One hundred and forty four oncologic out-patients (76 male, 68 female) were included in this study. Methods: All patients were referred to Nuclear Medicine Department for Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) PET-CT imaging for the assessment of their malignant or possibly malignant diseases. The Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory I and II were used to evaluate the anxiety and depression levels in these patients. Results: The mean anxiety and depression scores of The Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale prior to F-18 FDG PET-CT were 9.2 ( ± 3.8) and 6.6 ( ± 3.4), respectively. The mean state and trait anxiety scores of the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory I and II prior to F-18 FDG PET-CT were 40.4 (± 8.5) and 46.62 ± 7.8, respectively. The Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory I and II anxiety scores were found to be significantly higher in female patients, smokers and in patients with higher stage disease. Conclusion: Our results suggest that F-18 FDG PET-CT imaging may at least contribute to patient's baseline anxiety which is already generated by being an oncology patient, and thus nuclear medicine physicians should handle the patients with extra care to minimize this affect. © 2015, Umut Elboga, et al