War Psychiatry : Identifying and Managing the Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Armed Conflicts

Funding Information: We would like to acknowledge the support and contributions of The ECOMSIR Collaborative (European Collaboration of Medical Students in Research), a non-profit, non-governmental student collaboration. The support of Riga Stradins University (RSU) is also greatly acknowledged. The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2022.War refugees and veterans have been known to frequently develop neuropsychiatric conditions including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders that tend to leave a long-lasting scar and impact their emotional response system. The shear stress, trauma, and mental breakdown from overnight displacement, family separation, and killing of friends and families cannot be described enough. Victims often require years of mental health support as they struggle with sleep difficulties, recurring memories, anxiety, grief, and anger. Everyone develops their coping mechanism which can involve dependence and long-term addiction to alcohol, drugs, violence, or gambling. The high prevalence of mental health disorders during and after the war indicates an undeniable necessity for screening those in need of treatment. For medical health professionals, it is crucial to identify such vulnerable groups who are prone to developing neuropsychiatric morbidities and associated risk factors. It is pivotal to develop and deploy effective and affordable multi-sectoral collaborative care models and therapy, which primarily depends upon family and primary care physicians in the conflict zones. Herein, we provide a brief overview regarding the identification and management of vulnerable populations, alongside discussing the challenges and possible solutions to the same.publishersversio

European Countries Step-up Humanitarian and Medical Assistance to Ukraine as the Conflict Continues

Copyright © 2022 by SAGE Publications Inc unless otherwise noted. Manuscript content on this site is licensed under Creative Commons LicensesOn the 24th of February 2022, the Russian Federation began an unprovoked invasion of Ukraine, marking the biggest military attack in Europe since the second world war. Over 4 million people have fled their homeland within the first month of the war and have triggered a large refugee crisis with impacts far beyond the Ukrainian border. People in the neighboring countries have shown tremendous support by stepping forward to donate food, clothes, medications, money, and other essential supplies. The governments and other regional stakeholders have also been supportive in accommodating and easing regulations for the incoming refugees. Herein, we summarize the humanitarian measures and medical donations that have been made by European countries as they stepped up their efforts to provide refugees with all necessary basic services. We further highlight potential oncoming challenges in Ukraine and the host countries along with relevant solutions to these challenges. The current scenario highlights the need for multi-party and multi-level collaborations (both public and private) to tackle the emerging situation.publishersversionPeer reviewe

SUICIDAL THREATS AS A PREDICTOR OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

The article presents the part critical situations play in the etiology of adolescent and adult suicides, the importance of educational prevention and the role of school arising therefrom. It emphasizes the significance of chronic illness in terms of the crisis of an individual and environment. The actual lack of pedagogical truth is contemporary dissonance and “tragedy” of the human being – “enslaved by suffering”, chronically ill and powerless – which initiates self-destruction and, in consequence, inadequate and “surface” support. The communication of responsibility and of a self-model pattern is an important value in the area of the prevention of suicides

Impact of Uncertainty of Floodplain Digital Terrain Model on 1D Hydrodynamic Flow Calculation

This study investigates the effect of the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) uncertainty effect on the output of a 1D flow model. The analysis is performed for the lowland river Biebrza, covered with dense wetland vegetation, with a high uncertainty of terrain elevations. The DTM uncertainty is modeled in two ways: (1) accounting for the uncertainty spatial dependency on the basis of the correlogram function and (2) neglecting the correlation of the elevation points. The model explanation of water levels improves when elevation uncertainty is being included. Without the elevation uncertainty, the model provided a good fit only for peak flows, with uncertainty also representation of lower flows is better. It was shown that the correlation of the elevation uncertainty had a noticeable effect on the modeling outcomes, especially for near bankfull flows, where for the uncorrelated case water levels were underestimated by 5 cm, comparing to the correlated case. The effect was also present for inundation extents, obtained by an interpolation of computed water levels. The correlation of the elevation uncertainty strongly affects estimates of standard deviations of computed water levels, which were almost twice smaller when correlation was neglected. In the result, only when the correlation of the elevation uncertainty was included, it was possible to obtain confidence bands that enclosed observation points

Exposure to electrocution by automotive ignition system in the work environment of car service employees

Automotive ignition system diagnostic procedures involve a specific kind of action due to the presence of high voltage pulses rated of roughly several dozen kilovolts. Therefore, the repairers employed at car service coming into direct contact with electrical equipment of ignition systems are exposed to risk of electric shock. Typically, the electric discharge energy of automotive ignition systems is not high enough to cause fibrillation due to the electric effect on the heart. Nevertheless, there are drivers and car service employees who use electronic cardiac pacemakers susceptible to high voltage pulses. The influence of high-voltage ignition systems on the human body, especially in case of electric injury, has not been comprehensively elucidated. Therefore, relatively few scientific papers address this problem. The aim of this paper is to consider the electrical injury danger from automotive ignition systems, especially in people suffering from cardiac diseases. Some examples of the methods to reduce electric shock probability during diagnostic procedures of spark-ignition combustion engines are presented and discussed. Med Pr 2014;65(3):419–42

EXPOSURE TO ELECTROCUTION BY AUTOMOTIVE IGNITION SYSTEM IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT OF CAR SERVICE EMPLOYEES

Automotive ignition system diagnostic procedures involve a specific kind of action due to the presence of high voltage pulses rated of roughly several dozen kilovolts. Therefore, the repairers employed at car service coming into direct contact with electrical equipment of ignition systems are exposed to risk of electric shock. Typically, the electric discharge energy of automotive ignition systems is not high enough to cause fibrillation due to the electric effect on the heart. Nevertheless, there are drivers and car service employees who use electronic cardiac pacemakers susceptible to high voltage pulses. The influence of high-voltage ignition systems on the human body, especially in case of electric injury, has not been comprehensively elucidated. Therefore, relatively few scientific papers address this problem. The aim of this paper is to consider the electrical injury danger from automotive ignition systems, especially in people suffering from cardiac diseases. Some examples of the methods to reduce electric shock probability during diagnostic procedures of spark-ignition combustion engines are presented and discussed. Med Pr 2014;65(3):419–42

Modelling of climate change impact on flow conditions in the lowland anastomosing river

The progressive degradation of freshwater ecosystems worldwide requires action to be taken for their conservation. Nowadays, protection strategies need to step beyond the traditional approach of managing protected areas as they have to deal with the protection or recovery of natural flow regimes disrupted by the effects of future climate conditions. Climate change affects the hydrosphere at catchment scale altering hydrological processes which in turn impact hydrodynamics at the river reach scale. Therefore, conservation strategies should consider mathematical models, which allow for an improved understanding of ecosystem functions and their interactions across different spatial and temporal scales. This study focuses on an anastomosing river system in north-eastern Poland, where in recent decades a significant loss of the anabranches has been observed. The objective was to assess the impact of projected climate change on average flow conditions in the anastomosing section of the Narew River. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT software) for the Narew catchment was coupled with the HEC-RAS one-dimensional unsteady flow model. The study looked into projected changes for two future time horizons 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 using an ensemble of nine EURO-CORDEX model scenarios. Results show that low flow conditions in the anastomosing section of the Narew National Park will remain relatively stable in 2021–2050 compared to current conditions and will slightly increase in 2071–2100. Duration of low flows, although projected to decrease on an annual basis, will increase for August–October, when the loss on anastomoses was found to be the most intense. Hydraulic modeling indicated extremely low flow velocities in the anastomosing arm (<0.1 m/s) nowadays and under future projections which is preferable for in-stream vegetation development and their gradual sedimentation and closure

Occupational burnout and life satisfaction among anaesthetists and intensive care nurses.

Wstęp. Zespół wypalenia zawodowego to problem dotyczący pielęgniarek pracujących w oddziałach anestezjologii i intensywnej terapii, które przez dłuższy czas udzielają pomocy pacjentom, walczą o ich życie oraz udzielają wsparcia emocjonalnego rodzinie. Cel pracy. Zwrócenie uwagi na kwestię i częstość występowania zespołu wypalenia zawodowego oraz satysfakcji z życia wśród pielęgniarek. Materiał i metody. Badaniem objęto grupę pielęgniarek oraz pielęgniarzy (n = 100) pracujących na oddziałach intensywnej opieki w województwie dolnośląskim. Do oceny wypalenia zawodowego wykorzystano kwestionariusz wypalenia zawodowego (MBI). Zastosowano również skalę zadowolenia z życia (SWLS). Analizy wykonano w środowisku statystycznym „R” oraz programie PSPP. Niezależność odpowiedzi testowych weryfikowano za pomocą dokładnego testu Fishera. Za znamienne statystycznie wyniki uznano dla p < 0,05. Wyniki. Czynniki, które mają szczególny wpływ na powstanie zespołu wypalenia zawodowego, to obciążenie pracą, złe relacje w zespole, konflikty w miejscu pracy, ponadprzeciętne wymagania oraz aspiracje zawodowe. Ważną rolę odgrywają również przełożeni, którzy mają za zadanie stworzyć stosowne warunki pracy, a przede wszystkim sprawiedliwie dzielić obowiązki. Proces wypalenia zawodowego rozwija się bardzo długo, należy zatem zwracać uwagę i nie lekceważyć pierwszych objawów. Duże znaczenie ma umiejętność rozgraniczenia życia zawodowego od prywatnego. Wnioski. Wypalenie zawodowe wśród pielęgniarek oddziałów anestezjologicznych i intensywnej terapii jest poważnym problemem, którego nie należ bagatelizować. Każda pielęgniarka powinna uczyć się technik oraz umiejętności radzenia sobie ze stresem, technik relaksacji, asertywności oraz komunikacji interpersonalnej. W tym zakresie ważne jest organizowanie warsztatów psychologicznych, które miałyby za zadanie wzmocnienie słabych stron osobowości, a także zdobycia umiejętności w radzeniu sobie w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Należałoby zatem wprowadzić zmiany warunków wykonywanej pracy dotyczących obsady oraz wpłynąć na jakość przepływu informacji współpracowników.Background. The occupational burnout syndrome is a problem for nurses working in anaesthesia and intensive care units, who help patients for a long time, fight for their lives and provide emotional support to their families. Objectives. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the issue and frequency of occupational burnout and to nurses' satisfaction with life. Material and methods. The study included a group of female and male nurses (n = 100) working in intensive care units in the Lower Silesian Voivodship. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to assess burnout, as well as the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) was also used. The analyses were done in the "R" statistical environment and the Public Sector Purchase Program (PSPP). Independence of the test responses was verified using Fisher's exact test. Statistically significant results were found for p < 0.05. Results. Factors that have a particular impact on the emergence of occupational burnout include workload, bad teamwork, workplace conflicts, over-average demands, and professional aspirations. An important role is also played by superiors in creating the right working conditions and, above all, sharing the responsibilities fairly. The burnout process is developing very long, so pay attention and do not underestimate the first symptoms. It is important to distinguish between professional and private life. Conclusions. Professional burnout among nurses in anaesthesia and intensive care units is a serious problem that should not be underestimated. Every nurse should learn techniques and skills in coping with stress, relaxation techniques, assertiveness and interpersonal communication. In this respect, it is important to organize psychological workshops to strengthen the weaknesses of the personality and to acquire skills in coping with crisis situations. It would therefore be appropriate to make changes to the working conditions of the workforce and to the quality of the information flow of contributors