Utjecaj različitog opterećenja treningom na neke pokazatelje u krvi konja za preponsko jahanje

The aim of the study was to assess the changes in the hematology and blood chemistry of jumping horses under the different workload trainings. Group A was trained with a rider and without additional exercises. Group B had an additional daily training session on the treadmill. Blood samples were taken at rest, before exercise and 24 hours after the jumping competition (at the beginning of the season, in the middle and at the end). Regardless of the type of training intensity level and workout load, the post-exercise studies showed an increase in RBC, HGB and HCT. In Group B, there was increase (P<0.05) of resting parameters RBC and HGB between the start of the season and in the middle. During the study there was an increase in AST, LDH, CK in both groups after training. Horses from Group B, subjected to additional training at the end of the season, had lower activity in the resting parameters of AST, LDH and CK than horses from group A. In group B the resting value of LA was lower in the middle and at the end of the sports season, in comparison to group A. The research indicated the desirability of introducing additional stimulation of movement in horses between the relevant trainings involving a rider.Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti promjene u hematološkim i biokemijskim pokazateljima kod konja za preponsko jahanje. Konji su podvrgnuti različitim opterećenjima treningom: skupina A trenirala je s jahačem i bez dodatnih vježbi, skupina B imala je dodatan dnevni trening na pokretnoj traci za trčanje. Uzorci krvi uzeti su u mirovanju, prije vježbanja i 24 sata nakon natjecanja u preponskom jahanju (početak, sredina i završetak sezone). Bez obzira na vrstu treninga te razinu njegova intenziteta i opterećenja, nakon vježbanja ustanovljeno je povećanje broja eritrocita (RBC), koncentracije hemoglobina (HGB) i hematokrita (HCT). U skupini B došlo je do povećanja (P<0,05) pokazatelja u mirovanju: RBC i HGB između početka sezone i sredine sezone. Tijekom istraživanja u obje je skupine nakon treninga došlo do povećanja aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST), laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH) i kreatin kinaze (CK). Konji iz skupine B, podvrgnuti dodatnom treningu, na kraju sezone imali su nižu aktivnost pokazatelja AST, LDH i CK u mirovanju od konja iz skupine A. U skupini B pokazatelji mliječne kiseline (LA) u mirovanju bili su niži u sredini i na kraju sportske sezone u usporedbi sa skupinom A. Istraživanje upućuje na poželjnu praksu kojom se između treninga, koji uključuju jahača, uvodi dodatna stimulacija kretanja konja

Analysis of acid–base balance as well as hematological and biochemical parameters in horses of combined driving discipline

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of training on hematological and biochemical blood indices and acid–base balance as well as to attempt an assessment of the degree of driving horses' training based on examined parameters during the training cycle. The study was conducted on eight Polish Halfbred driving horses (aged 6–12 years). Each four-horse harness included two geldings and two mares. Blood was collected before and directly after training as well as after a 30 min recovery period. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as acid–base balance and glutathione peroxidase activity. The data were processed using a general linear model (ANOVA) procedure in Statistica v10. A significant (<i>P</i> < 0.01) post-exercise increase in heart rate and respiratory rate was noted. Changes (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), glucose (GLU) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were observed after exercise. Correctness of the exercises affects the rate of recovery to rest values. The fastest recovery to the values of the rest period was noted in the case of RBC, HGB, LYM (lymphocytes), TCO₂ (total carbon dioxide), HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate concentration), GLU and NEFA. Training load did not cause acid–base balance disturbance, with visible compensation during the recovery period (increase in HCO₃⁻ and extracellular base excess (BE)). Changes in GPx activity were not confirmed statistically; however an increasing tendency was observed after training. Long-term exercises of driving horses cause significant lipomobilization. This study enables an evaluation and comparison of physical preparation to effort and intensity of driving horses' training. In the case of driving horses' training, there is a need to accept lower lactic acid (LA) (< 4 mmol L⁻¹) values in aerobic–anaerobic threshold interpretation

Swelling Behaviour of Superabsorbent Polymers for Soil Amendment under Different Loads

One of the most important among the numerous applications of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), also known as hydrogels, is soil improvement and supporting plant vegetation in agriculture and environmental engineering. Currently, when water scarcity involves water stress, they are becoming still more commonly used for water retention in soil. As it turns out, one of the major factors influencing the superabsorbent polymers water retention capacity (WRC) is the load of soil. The study presents test results of absorbency under load (AUL) of SAPs. The object of the analysis was cross-linked copolymer of acrylamide and potassium acrylate, of a granulation of 0.50–3.15 mm. The authors analysed the water absorption capacity of the superabsorbent polymers under loads characteristic for 3 different densities of soil (1.3 g∙cm−3, 0.9 g∙cm−3, 0.5 g∙cm−3) and three different depths of application (10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm). Soil load and bulk densities were simulated by using weights. The experiments were conducted with a Mecmesin Multitest 2.5-xt apparatus. The obtained results demonstrate a very significant reduction in water absorption capacity by SAP under load. For a 30 cm deep layer of soil of bulk density of 1.3 g∙cm−3, after 1 h, this value amounted to 5.0 g∙g−1, and for the control sample without load, this value amounted to more than 200 g∙g−1. For the lowest load in the experiment, which was 0.49 kPa (10 cm deep layer of soil of a bulk density of 0.5 g∙cm−3), this value was 33.0 g∙g−1 after 60 min. Loads do not only limit the volume of the swelling superabsorbent polymer but they also prolong the swelling time. The soil load caused a decrease in the absorption capacity from 338.5 g∙g−1 to 19.3 g∙g−1, as well as a prolongation of the swelling time. The rate parameter (time required to reach 63% of maximum absorption capacity) increased from 63 min for the control sample to more than 300 min for the largest analysed load of 3.83 kPa. The implications of soil load on superabsorbent polymer swelling are crucial for its usage and thus for the soil system. This knowledge might be employed for the more effective usage of superabsorbent polymers in agriculture and environmental engineering, in which they are commonly used to retain water and to support plant growth

Effects of Protein-Iron Complex Concentrate Supplementation on Iron Metabolism, Oxidative and Immune Status in Preweaning Calves

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding protein-iron complex (PIC) on productive performance and indicators of iron metabolism, hematology parameters, antioxidant and immune status during first 35 days of a calf’s life. Preparation of the complex involved enzymatic hydrolysis of milk casein (serine protease from Yarrowia lipolytica yeast). Iron chloride was then added to the hydrolyzate and lyophilizate. Calves were divided into treated groups: LFe (low iron dose) 10 g/day calf of protein-iron complex, HFe (height iron dose) 20 g/day calf, and control group. Dietary supplements containing the lower dose of concentrate had a significant positive effect on iron metabolism, while the higher dose of concentrate resulted in increase of total iron binding capacity (TIBC), saturation of transferrin and decrease of and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), which suggest iron overload. Additionally, treatment with the lower dose of iron remarkably increased the antioxidant parameters, mainly total antioxidant (TAS) and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx). Higher doses of PIC were related to lower total antioxidant status. IgG, IgM, insulin, glucose, TNFα and IGF-1 concentration did not change significantly in either group after supplementation. In practice, the use of protein-iron complex concentrate requires taking into account the iron content in milk replacers and other feedstuffs

The influence of different workload trainings on some blood parameters in show jumping horses

The aim of the study was to assess the changes in the hematology and blood chemistry of jumping horses under the different workload trainings. Group A was trained with a rider and without additional exercises. Group B had an additional daily training session on the treadmill. Blood samples were taken at rest, before exercise and 24 hours after the jumping competition (at the beginning of the season, in the middle and at the end). Regardless of the type of training intensity level and workout load, the post-exercise studies showed an increase in RBC, HGB and HCT. In Group B, there was increase (P<0.05) of resting parameters RBC and HGB between the start of the season and in the middle. During the study there was an increase in AST, LDH, CK in both groups after training. Horses from Group B, subjected to additional training at the end of the season, had lower activity in the resting parameters of AST, LDH and CK than horses from group A. In group B the resting value of LA was lower in the middle and at the end of the sports season, in comparison to group A. The research indicated the desirability of introducing additional stimulation of movement in horses between the relevant trainings involving a rider.Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti promjene u hematološkim i biokemijskim pokazateljima kod konja za preponsko jahanje. Konji su podvrgnuti različitim opterećenjima treningom: skupina A trenirala je s jahačem i bez dodatnih vježbi, skupina B imala je dodatan dnevni trening na pokretnoj traci za trčanje. Uzorci krvi uzeti su u mirovanju, prije vježbanja i 24 sata nakon natjecanja u preponskom jahanju (početak, sredina i završetak sezone). Bez obzira na vrstu treninga te razinu njegova intenziteta i opterećenja, nakon vježbanja ustanovljeno je povećanje broja eritrocita (RBC), koncentracije hemoglobina (HGB) i hematokrita (HCT). U skupini B došlo je do povećanja (P<0,05) pokazatelja u mirovanju: RBC i HGB između početka sezone i sredine sezone. Tijekom istraživanja u obje je skupine nakon treninga došlo do povećanja aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST), laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH) i kreatin kinaze (CK). Konji iz skupine B, podvrgnuti dodatnom treningu, na kraju sezone imali su nižu aktivnost pokazatelja AST, LDH i CK u mirovanju od konja iz skupine A. U skupini B pokazatelji mliječne kiseline (LA) u mirovanju bili su niži u sredini i na kraju sportske sezone u usporedbi sa skupinom A. Istraživanje upućuje na poželjnu praksu kojom se između treninga, koji uključuju jahača, uvodi dodatna stimulacija kretanja konja

Effect of Natural Antioxidants on the Stability of Linseed Oil and Fish Stored under Anaerobic Conditions

Vegetable and animal oils are susceptible to the oxidation of their lipid components on storage. Polyphenols from apple peels are investigated as potential natural antioxidants used for stabilizing polyunsaturated fatty acid and preventing oxidation. The aim of this study was assessing the antioxidant efficacy of apple pomace as natural antioxidant in linseed and fish oils, stored in anaerobic conditions. Apple pomace was added to the linseed and fish oils stored for eight weeks to evaluate the antioxidant activity of their polyphenolic components. The total phenolic content, activity of DPPH, ABTS•+, FRAP, acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and fatty acid profile were analyzed in storage tests. We found that apple pomace, regardless of the oil content of the formulation, was capable of blanking 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. The highest ability to reduce Fe3+ ions occurred in the samples containing 30% of the fish oil. The use of apple pomace comprising polyphenolic compounds improves the stability of linseed and fish oils in storage tests. Polyphenols in apple pomace show a high antioxidant potential, as indicated by their values of DPPH, ABST•+, and FRAP. The addition of apple pomace resulted in limiting the acid and peroxide values of the samples during storage

Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation

The research aimed to assess the effect of whole lyophilized apples added to flax oil or flax ethyl esters for oxidation processes and fatty acid profiles. The samples were washed with nitrogen and sealed in PE pouches. The analyses were performed on day 0 and afterwards on 7th, 14th, 28th, 56th and 84th day of storage. The antioxidant capacity was determined by stating in the samples DPPH, ABTS•+, and FRAP. Fatty acid profiles of the test samples were analyzed using GC-MS. The addition of lyophilized apples did not limit the decrease in C18: 3, n-3 after storage. The reduction of free radicals (ABTS, DPPH) was the lowest in samples with ethyl esters mixed with lyophilized apples rather than in the case of specimens that were a mixture of flax oil and lyophilized apples. The addition of lyophilized apples limited the decrease of IV and PV in ethyl esters, and in the case of flax oil AV. Obtained data show the possibility of wider usage of apple for the improvement of stability of the ethyl esters or flax oils and at the same time there are the real possibilities of the development of such kinds of preparations for the feeding industry

Optymalizacja parametrów użytkowych osłon włókninowych stosowanych w geokompozytach sorbujących wodę w strefie nienasyconej

This study analyses tests influencing the selection of nonwovens for water absorbing geocomposites. The task of the nonwoven is to capture water infiltrating into the soil and to direct it to the superabsorbent located inside. The best results in the tests of water permeability (88 mm/s) and water absorption (1116.85 g/m2) were obtained for nonwoven of the lowest surface weight - 112.8 g/m2 and the largest average pore diameter - 206.5 μm. The lowest water absorption capacity (478.91 g/m2) and the smallest thickness changes under a load (19.3%) was noted in needle-punched nonwoven that had been subject to the calandering process. For one nonwoven, the presence of other significant fractions was noted, which proves that it is heterogeneous. For nonwovens applied in the unsaturated zone, not only water permeability should be taken into account, but also the size and fraction distribution of pores, in order to avoid breaking the continuity of capillaries.W pracy przedstawiono badania właściwości włóknin, jako osłon do geokompozytów sorbujących wodę. Zadaniem włókniny jest przechwycenie filtrującej wody i przekazanie do znajdującego się wewnątrz superabsorbentu. Najlepsze wyniki w badaniu wodoprzepuszczalności (88 mm/s) i wodochłonności (1116.85 g/m2) uzyskano dla włókniny o najniższej masie powierzchniowej 112.8 g/m2 i największej średniej średnicy porów 206.5 μm. Włókninę 100% PET kalandrowaną cechowała niska wodochłonność (478.91 g/m2) i niewielkie zmiany grubości pod obciążeniem (19.3 %). Dla jednej z włóknin zanotowano obecność innych istotnych frakcji co świadczy o jej niejednorodności. W przypadku zastosowania włókniny w strefie aeracji należy zwracać uwagę nie tylko na wodoprzepuszczalność, ale i rozmiary oraz rozkład frakcyjny porów, aby nie przerwać ciągłości kapilar