Menisco-fibular ligament — an overview: cadaveric dissection, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis, arthroscopic visualisation and treatment

Background: Injury to the menisco-fibular ligament (MFiL) is not commonly recognised. The anatomy of the lateral meniscus is complex and structure-function relationships are only partly understood. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the MFiL, an anatomic structure rarely discussed that stabilises the lateral meniscus at the level of the hiatus popliteus and may have a crucial role in pathology of lateral meniscus injury.Materials and methods: The MFiL was dissected from its attachment at the lateral meniscus to its insertion on fibular head in 12 human normal cadaver knees. The dimensions were determined and its anatomic position visualised throughout a 90° range of motion. Findings were documented on digital photographs and on video. Results were compared against the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the injured MFiL in 20 patients. Concomitant knee injuries in those patients were also analysed to determine the most frequent pattern of injuries.Results: The normal MFiL showed an inverted trapezoid-shape with a mean width proximally of 13 mm, mean width distally of 8.5 mm and a mean length of 18.4 mm. MRI visualisation of the ligament was possible even in regular sequences; however, additional radial plane sequences were also used. Arthroscopic visualisation and manipulation was optimal when the camera was inserted into the postero-lateral gutter with full knee extension.Conclusions: The MFiL stabilises the postero-lateral knee in concert with the menisco-femoral ligaments. Injury to the MFiL can be a cause of chronic postero-lateral pain syndrome with associated instability. Further anatomical and biomechanical studies are needed in order to fully evaluate its importance

Sensor wodoru na bazie nanomateriałów TiO2

The aim of this research was to examine gas sensing properties of TiO2 based nanomaterials. Nanopowders of Cr doped TiO2 with constant Specific Surface Area, SSA, were obtained using Flame Spray Synthesis technique, FSS. Nanomaterials were characterized by Brunauer – Emmett – Teller adsorption isotherms, BET, X – ray diffraction, XRD, Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM, optical spectrometry UV – vis with the use of an integrating sphere as well as impedance spectroscopy. Detection of hydrogen was carried out over the concentration range of 50 - 3000 ppm at the temperatures extending from 200 to 400°C and synthetic air working as a reference atmosphere. As a result of experiments it appeared that incorporation of 5 at.% of Cr into TiO2 improved hydrogen sensing features due to small crystallite size and predominance of rutile polymorphic phase.Przedmiotem pracy są nanomateriały na bazie TiO2 do zastosowań sensorowych. Nanoproszki TiO2 domieszkowane chromem o stałej powierzchni właściwej SSA (ang. Specific Surface Area) otrzymano przy pomocy techniki syntezy w płomieniu FSS (ang. Flame Spray Synthesis). Materiały poddano charakteryzacji z wykorzystaniem: izoterm adsorpcyjnych Brunauer – Emmett – Teller, BET, dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej, XRD, transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej, TEM, spektroskopii optycznej UV – vis oraz spektroskopii impedancyjnej. Pomiar własności sensorowych został przeprowadzony dla koncentracji H2 w zakresie 50-3000 ppm w przedziale temperatur 200-400°C. Wykazano, że najlepiej na wodór odpowiada próbka TiO2: 5 at.% Cr charakteryzująca się małym rozmiarem krystalitów oraz przewagą fazy rutylu

Simulation of muscle forces in lower extremities while shot putting

W pracy wyznaczono czasowe przebiegi sił mięśniowych kończyn dolnych za pomocą modelu matematycznego u sportowca wykonującego pchnięcie kulą. Szczegółowo przedstawiono proces generowania symulacji w programie OpenSim na podstawie danych pochodzących z systemu Vicon Nexus. Zdefiniowany model ukazał, które mięśnie generują największą siłę w trakcie wykonywania ruchu pchnięcia kulą oraz które mięśnie pracują w warunkach ekscentrycznych. Istnieje możliwość wykorzystania wygenerowanego modelu do dalszych symulacji mających na celu szczegółową analizę techniki wykonywania pchnięcia kulą.Time trajectories of muscle forces for an athlete performing the shot put were modeled in the following article. The process of generating simulation in OpeSim software based on Vicon Nexus system data was presented in detail. The generated model showed which muscles generate the highest force while performing the movement of the shot put. It was also presented which muscles are working in eccentric conditions, which may cause injury. There is a possibility to use the generated model for further simulations, in order to conduct detailed analysis of shot put technique

Photocatalytical Decomposition of Contaminants οn Thin Film Gas Sensors

Gas sensing materials have been prepared in a form of $TiO_{2}-SnO_{2}$ thin films by rf reactive sputtering from $Ti:SnO_{2}$ and $Sn:TiO_{2}$ targets. Material studies have been performed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction at grazing incidence, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical spectrophotometry. Dynamic gas sensing responses have been recorded as reproducible changes in the electrical resistance upon introduction of hydrogen at a partial pressure of 100-6000 ppm over a wide temperature range 473-873 K. Contamination experiments have been carried out with the motor oil (40 vol.% solution in $CCl_{4}$) in order to study the effect of UV light illumination on the gas sensor response. Optical spectroscopy has been applied to monitor the photodecomposition of the test compound, bromothymol blue. The Electronic Nose, ALPHA MOS FOX 4000 has been used in order to differentiate between different groups of motor oil vapors