Corporate Sector Financial Structure in Turkey : A Descriptive Analysis

This paper presents and discusses some stylised facts of the corporate sector financial structure in Turkey using the Company Sector Accounts compiled by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). The findings of the paper suggest that non-financial firms in Turkey have been heavily exposed almost all of the basic balance sheet risks. The corporate sector appears to be excessively leveraged with relatively lower asset tangibility creating also a credit risk for the lenders. The firms rely heavily on foreign currency denominated and short-term debt instruments making them vulnerable to both exchange rate and interest rate shocks through currency and maturity mismatches. The corporate sector can be characterised as financially constrained as the deepening of the Turkish bank-based financial system is rather low and the bank credits to the private sector tend to be crowded out by the mode of domestic debt finance. The corporate sector vulnerabilities to maturity, interest rate and currency risks are found to be improving with the firm size. With the relatively stable macroeconomic environment and stricter prudential regulation on the financial system, the corporate sector balance sheet risks, albeit still are at high levels, tend to be improving after the financial crisis of 2001.Balance sheets, Capital structure, Corporate sector, Debt composition, Financial crowding-out, Liability dollarisation, Turkey

Comparison of the Velocity and Power Parameters During Loaded-Squat Jump Exercise of National Athletes in Different Branches

The aim of this investigation is to compare velocity and power variables during loaded-squat jump (SJLoaded) exercise of national athletes dealing with different sports branches and to identify whether velocity and power parameters become different or not according to branches. In accordance with this purpose, a total of 36 national athletes (age: 20.3±1.68 years; height: 173.5±6.46 cm; weight: 72.3±10.29 kg) composed of 12 wrestlers (age: 19.5±.90 years; height: 172.3±6.19 cm; weight: 75.5±13.9 kg), 12 arm wrestlers (age: 20.5±2.02 years; height: 174.7±4.76 cm; weight: 72.6±8.31 kg) and 12 kickboxers (age: 20.7±1.81 years; height: 173.5±8.29 cm; weight: 68.9±6.94 kg) dealing with different sports branches have voluntarily participated in this study. For identifying velocity and power parameters, SJLoaded exercise was executed with an external load that corresponds to 40% of body weights of the athletes by utilizing an isoinertial velocity transducer (T-Force dynamic measurement system) and values of mean velocity (MV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak velocity (PV), mean power (MP), mean propulsive power (MPP) and peak power (PP) were determined. All data analyzes were performed in the SPSS 16.0 statistical program. Firstly, in order to analyze data, it was determined that the data indicated normal distribution by looking at the Shapiro-Wilk coefficient regarding the normality of the distribution of the data. Therefore one-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) was utilized to identify statistical significant differences among athletes competing in different branches with regard to the velocity and power variables during the SJLoaded exercise. According to analyze results, no statistical significant difference wasn’t seen among branches with regard to MV [f (2.33) = 1.306], MPV [f (2. 33)=2.195], PV [f (2. 33)=2.242], MP [f (2. 33)=1.225], MPP [f (2. 33)=2.787] and PP [f (2. 33)= 2.607] parameters during SJLoaded exercise (p>0.05). The velocity and power parameters obtained in the SJLoaded exercise don’t differ according to the branches

Bitki Büyüme Düzenleyicilerinin İzmir Kekiğinin Origanum onites L. Yaprak Kalitesine Etkisi

Bu araşt ı rmada Isparta ili ekolojik ko ş ullar ı nda Izmir kekiğ ine Origanum onites uygulanan bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerinden gibberellik asit GA 3 , absisik asit ABA , indol-3-asetik asit IAA ve 6-benzil-amino purin BAP 'in yapraklarda uçucu yağ içeriğ i, uçucu yağ bileşenleri, protein içeri ğ i ile besin elementleri üzerine etkileri saptanmaya çal ışı lm ışt ı r. Bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerinin keki ğ in yağ içeriğ i, yağda karvakrol ve timol içeriğ i, besin elementlerinden K, Ca, Na, P, Fe ve Cu içeri ğ i üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmu ştur. Uçucu yağ oran ı %3.1 ile en yüksek BAP uygulamas ı ndan, %2.6 ile en düş ük IAA uygulamas ı ndan elde edilmiştir. Protein içeri ğ i %6.37 ile %7.75 aras ı nda değ işmiştir. Kekik ya ğı n ı n ortalama olarak %84.8 karvakrol, %5.3 timol, %5.2 y-terpinen, %2.7 p-simen, %1.0 p-mirsen, %0.7 a-terpinen ve %0.3 borneol'den olu ştuğ u belirlenmiştir. Bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerinden özellikle GA3 uçucu ya ğı n karvakrol içeriğ ini azalt ı rken, timol içeri ğ ini yükseltmi ştir. Kekik yaprağı nda %2.97-3.66 K, %0.97-1.55 Ca, %1.02-1.24 N, 2024-2769 ppm Na, 1500-2400 ppm P, 47.25-97.50 ppm Fe, 55.75-65.75 ppm Zn, 49.00-65.25 ppm Mn ve 4.00-6.25 ppm Cu bulunduğ u tespit edilmiştir. IAA uygulamas ı yaprağı n özellikle Ca, N, Fe, Mn ve Cu içeriğ ini, ABA uygulamas ı ise özellikle Na, Fe ve Zn içeriğ ini art ı rmıştı r

Çinko Uygulamasının Van Yöresinde Yetiştirilen Buğday Çeşit ve Hatlarının Çinko Beslenmesi ve Verim Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmada Van yöresinde yetiştirilen 6 farklı buğday çeşidi Kırgız 95, Karacabey 97, Palandöken 97, Doğukent 1, Kutluk 94, Çukurova 86 ile 4 farklı buğday hattının Tir 2, Tir 6, Tir 7, Tir 9 Zn uygulamasına 2 kg Zn/da göstermiş olduğu tepki belirlenmek istemiştir. Çinkonun etkisini değerlendirmek için, bitkinin yeşil aksam ve tane Zn içeriği ile verim sonuçları incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, Zn uygulamasına bağlı olarak bütün çeşit ve hatların yeşil aksam ve tane Zn içerikleri ile verim miktarları artmış fakat elde edilen artışlar çeşit ve hatlara göre farklılık göstermişti

Is platelet to monocyte ratio a useful inflammatory determinant of ST-elevation myocardial infarction?

INTRODUCTION: The main factors in the development of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are inflammatory processes and pathophysiological changes due to oxidant stress. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of prevalent STEMI with markers of inflammatory and oxidative stress. The platelet to monocyte ratio (PMR) was evaluated as a new hematological inflammatory marker.   MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study is a retrospective observational study conducted in the emergency department between January 2018 and January 2019. In the study, all patients who were diagnosed with STEMI were considered in the study group. Evaluations of inflammatory and oxidant stress markers, PMR value of STEMI patients were performed.   RESULTS: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) value of 5.63 (3.35–7.84), Monocyte count to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) value of 16.10 (12.73–19.52), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) value of 31.00 (21–39) and CRP value of 5.10 (2.77–9.34) were significantly higher in STEMI cases (p < 0.005). The lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) value of 2.57 (2.00–3.61) and the PMR value of 24.52 ± 7.60 in STEMI cases were significantly lower (p < 0.001, p = 0.014).   CONCLUSIONS: In STEMI patients NLR, GGT, and MHR rates increase significantly and LMR decreases. PMR values were also lower in STEMI cases. This shows us that PMR is a new determinant that can be used in inflammatory events. However, none of these inflammatory markers and oxidant stress markers can be used as diagnostic tests, rather they should be considered as surrogate markers for disease

The Effect of Digital Game Design Supported Coding Education on Gifted Students' Scratch Achievement and Self-Efficacy

Coding tools that use blocks to create programs are popular among kids and play a key role in learning how to code. The effectiveness of the coding courses that are available nowadays depends on how well the tools match the students’ needs. The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of digital game design supported coding education with Scratch on gifted students' Scratch academic achievement and self-efficacy. The research was conducted with one-group pre-test post-test experimental design. The sample of the study consists of 40 3rd grade gifted students studying at a Science and Art Center in Türkiye. Scratch achievement test and Scratch self-efficacy scale were used as pre-test and post-test before and after the training. The data of the study were analyzed with dependent groups t-test. Post-test scores of the students obtained from Scratch achievement and self-efficacy scale showed a statistically significant increases compared to the pre-test scores. It was revealed that digital game design supported education contributed positively to students' Scratch achievement and self-efficacy in coding

Nutritional constituents of wild-grown black mulberry (Morus nigra L.)

Some chemical properties were determined in completely ripe fruits and fully developed leaves of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes, grown inMahmatlar,Turkey. Crude protein was found as the most abundant component both fruits (10.25%) and leaves (25.72%). Native black mulberry fruits had higher content of total sugar (6.25%), crude fat (5.75%) and crude protein than those of the other berries. Also, mineral composition (K, Na, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) results indicated that K was the main nutrient of fruit followed by Na and P. Furthermore, black mulberry leaves were rich levels of sodium, calcium and potassium. Black mulberry should be more widely used because of its potential nutrient contribution for human and also feeding animals

Determining Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces from Türkiye Using SSR Markers

Assessment of genetic diversity among different varieties helps to improve desired characteristics of crops, including disease resistance, early maturity, high yield, and resistance to drought. Molecular markers are one of the most effective tools for discovering genetic diversity that can increase reproductive efficiency. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which are codominant markers, are preferred for the determination of genetic diversity because they are highly polymorphic, multi-allelic, highly reproducible, and have good genome coverage. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 40 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces collected from the Ispir district located in the Northeast Anatolia region of Türkiye and five commercial varieties using SSR markers. The Twenty-seven SSR markers produced a total of 142 polymorphic bands, ranging from 2 (GATS91 and PVTT001) to 12 (BM153) alleles per marker, with an average number of 5.26 alleles. The gene diversity per marker varied between 0.37 and 0.87 for BM053 and BM153 markers, respectively. When heterozygous individuals are calculated proportional to the population, the heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with an average of 0.30. The expected heterozygosity of the SSR locus ranged from 0.37 (BM053) to 0.88 (BM153), with an average of 0.69. Nei’s gene diversity scored an average of 0.69. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of SSR markers varied from 0.33 (BM053) to 0.86 (BM153), with an average of 0.63 per locus. The greatest genetic distance (0.83) was between lines 49, 50, 53, and cultivar Karacaşehir-90, while the shortest (0.08) was between lines 6 and 26. In cluster analysis using Nei’s genetic distance, 45 common bean genotypes were divided into three groups and very little relationship was found between the genotypes and the geographical distances. In genetic structure analysis, three subgroups were formed, including local landraces and commercial varieties. The result confirmed that the rich diversity existing in Ispir bean landraces could be used as a genetic resource in designing breeding programs and may also contribute to Türkiye bean breeding programs

iPBS-Retrotransposon Markers in the Analysis of Genetic Diversity among Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Germplasm from Türkiye

Beans are legumes that play extremely important roles in human nutrition, serving as good sources of protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. In this study, we tried to elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of 40 Turkish bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) local varieties and 5 commercial cultivars collected from 8 different locations in Erzurum-Ispir by using inter-primary binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers. For molecular characterization, the 26 most polymorphic iPBS primers were used; 52 bands per primer and 1350 bands in total were recorded. The mean polymorphism information content was 0.331. Various diversity indices, such as the mean effective allele number (0.706), mean Shannon’s information index (0.546), and gene diversity (0.361) revealed the presence of sufficient genetic diversity in the germplasm examined. Molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) revealed that 67% of variation in bean germplasm was due to differences within populations. In addition, population structure analysis exposed all local and commercial bean varieties from five sub-populations. Expected heterozygosity values ranged between 0.1567 (the fourth sub-population) and 0.3210 (first sub-population), with an average value of 0.2103. In contrary, population differentiation measurement (Fst) was identified as 0.0062 for the first sub-population, 0.6372 for the fourth subpopulations. This is the first study to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of bean germplasm in Erzurum-Ispir region using the iPBS-retrotransposon marker system. Overall, the current results showed that iPBS markers could be used consistently to elucidate the genetic diversity of local and commercial bean varieties and potentially be included in future studies examining diversity in a larger collection of local and commercial bean varieties from different regions