Determination of Anaerobic and Anoxic Biodegradation Capacity of Sulfamethoxasole and the Effects on Mixed Microbial Culture

status: publishe

Determination of the microbial community in pulp and paper mills effluents

Bu çalışmada, kâğıt endüstrisi atıksularını arıtan gerçek ölçekli bir anaerobik kontak reaktörün 3 farklı yüksekliğinden 2 farklı zamanda alınan çamur numunelerinin mikrobiyal komünite yapıları Denatüran Gradyan Jel Elektroforez (DGGE) yöntemi kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. 2 aylık izleme dönemi içinde sistem 2 hafta süreyle bakıma alınmıştır. Kontak reaktörün 1.6-1.8 kg KOİ/m3.gün organik yükleme hızında, KOİ giderim verimi % 47-55, metan üretim verimi 0.18-0.20 m3CH4/kgKOİgiderilen aralığında değişmiştir. DGGE analizleri sonucu, arkeyal popülasyona ait 31, bakteriyel popülasyona ait 57 farklı tür tespit edilmiştir. Arkeyal popülasyona ait 3 farklı tür Ağustos 2005'te tespit edilememiş, buna karşın 6 yeni tür gözlenmiştir. Bakteriyel popülasyonda ise Temmuz 2005 numunesine ait 10 farklı tür Ağustos 2005 numunesinde tespit edilemezken Ağustos 2005'te 10 yeni türün varlığı gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada incelenen reaktöre ait asetoklastik metan üretim kapasitesi önceki bir çalışmada Spesifik Metan Aktivite (SMA) test düzeneği kullanılarak ölçülmüş ve potansiyel metan üretiminin yaklaşık % 45 azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Sistemde bulunan metanojenlerin ve Sülfat İndirgeyici Bakterilerin (SRB) tür ve sayıları Floresanlı Yerinde Hibritleme (FISH) yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. SMA testi ve FISH tekniği ile tespit edilen mikrobiyal komünite değişimi DGGE yöntemi ile de doğrulanmıştır. DGGE yöntemi, iki farklı zamanda alınan numunelere ait komünite değişimini açıkça yansıtmakla birlikte sayısal değerlendirmede yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle, anaerobik reaktörlerin mikrobiyal komünite yapılarının gerek DGGE gibi detaylı kalitatif sonuç veren gerekse FISH gibi mikroskobik sayıma dayalı, kültürden bağımsız yöntemlerle çalışılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Denatüran gradyan jel elektroforezi, arkeyal popülasyon, bakteriyel popülasyon, anaerobik kontak reaktör, kâğıt endüstrisi atıksuları.The use of anaerobic technologies in the fields of wastewater treatment, sludge stabilization, bioremediation and management of hazardous and solid wastes has grown in importance during the last few decades. Although the general processes occurring in anaerobic biological wastewater treatment plants, such as hydrolysis, fermentation, acetogenesis, methanogenesis and sulfidogenesis are well understood, the microbial community responsible for these conversions is often considered as a black box. Physical and chemical parameters only give rough estimations about the operational conditions of the system. Therefore, understanding the biodiversity and the dominant species of the microbial community is of great importance in studying contaminant degradation pathways, optimizing treatment processes, and improving removal efficiencies of engineer-designed systems. The culture dependent methods used for the investigation of the biomass are not sufficient for the identification of the complex microbial diversity in wastewater treatment systems. The use of the culture-independent methods in microbial ecology allowed the determination of the complex microbial populations and community contents more representatively. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) is a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dependent method used for the electrophoretic separation of the 16S rDNA genes due to the difference in the nucleotide sequences. The separation is observed as an individual band on the DGGE gel. Every DGGE band represents a single species and the DGGE pattern gives the fingerprint of that community. Since DGGE technique allows the analysis of many samples simultaneously and gives rapid results, the use of DGGE is getting extensive in the investigation of bioreactors and natural ecosystems which inhabit rich microbial diversity. In the context of this study, a full-scale anaerobic contact reactor treating pulp and paper mills effluents was investigated. Samples were taken from 3 different levels at 2 different times. There was a 2-week off-period of the reactor between sampling times. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) was used for the fingerprinting of the microbial community in the sludge samples. Performance of the reactor in terms of COD removal efficiency and methane yield varied between 47% and 55% and 0.18 and 0.20 m3CH4/kgCODremoved at Organic Loading Rates (OLRs) in a range of 1.6-1.8 kg COD/m3day, respectively. DGGE analysis revealed that 31 species from archaeal population and 57 species from bacterial population were present in the anaerobic reactor. 3 species from the archaeal population were not detected in August 2005 whereas 6 species were newly observed. In bacterial population, 10 species belonging to July 2005 samples were not detected where 10 other species were found in August 2005. Acetoclastic methanogenic activity of the reactor had previously been investigated by specific Methanogenic Activity (SMA) test. A decrease of 45% in the potential methane production was observed during the monitoring period of 2 months. The quantities and species of methanogens and Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) in the reactor were determined by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Parallel to SMA results, the quantities of SRB and methanogens were decreased in August 2005. The shift in the microbial community observed by SMA test and FISH quantifications were supported by DGGE analysis. During the monitoring of 2 months, 2 weeks shut-down of the anaerobic reactor might have caused activity loss and microbial community change. DGGE allows the comparison of microbial communities taken from the anaerobic reactor at two different sampling times and FISH informs quantities of present microbial species in the reactor. However, DGGE does not give numerical information but clearly depicts the community shift. Therefore, it is concluded that, the microbial community structures of anaerobic reactors should be determined by culture independent methods of both qualitative and quantitative techniques such as DGGE and FISH respectively. Keywords: Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, archaeal population, bacterial population, anaerobic contact reactor, pulp and paper mills effluents

Use of a Pedinculated Groin Flap in Penile Reconstruction Secondary to Fournier Gangrene: A Case Report

Fournier gangrene is a progressive clinical picture of necrotizing fasciitis with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, involving external genital organs and the perineal region, and may rapidly spread to other areas such as the abdomen, lower extremities and chest. It is a polymicrobial infection caused most frequently by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Treatment is achieved through the removal of dead tissues by serial debridement and broad spectrum parenteral antibiotic administration. In this case report, we present a successful penis reconstruction achieved by pedicled inguinal flap and urethra reconstruction in a patient with approximately 6x3 cm wide full-thickness skin and urethra defect secondary to Fournier gangrene.

Carcinomas with the Appearance of Chronic Wounds

Amaç Kutanöz maligniteler sıklıkla travmatize, degeneratif ve kronik inflame cilt veya skar dokusundan gelişir. Yapılan incelemelerde kutanöz malignitelerin sıklıkla yanık skarları (Marjolin ülser), venöz ülserler, bası yaraları, sistostomi alanları, kronik pilonidal sinüs, hidradenitis süpürativa, lupus skarları, kronik lenfödem, travmatik yaralar, kronik osteomiyelit alanlarında geliştiği gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmamızda kronik yara görünümü nedeniyle yara bakımı tedavisi almasına rağmen iyileşme göstermeyen, biyopsi sonucunda malignite tespit edilen hastalarda ayırıcı tanı ve uygulanan tedavi yaklaşımlarımız sunulmaktadır. Materyal ve Metot 2008-2012 yılları arasında kliniğimize kronik yara nedeniyle başvurup biyopsi sonucu karsinom çıkan beş hasta çalışmaya alındı. Hastalar daha önce aldıkları tedavi, patolojik tanıları, predispozan faktörler, malign dejenerasyon süresi, rekonstrüksiyon teknikleri, komplikasyon ve nüks açısından retrospektif incelendi. Bulgular: Patolojik inceleme sonucunda 3 hastada verrüköz karsinom, 2 hastada skuamoz hücreli karsinom belirlendi. Malign dejenerasyon süresi ortalama 8 yıl (5- 12) idi. Sonuç Ciltteki kronik irritasyonun veya yumuşak dokunun farklı büyüme faktörlerine maruz kalmasının, aynı zamanda inflamasyona bağlı olarak bu bölgede ortaya çıkan sitotoksik faktörlerin malign transformasyonda önemli rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir Kronik yaralı hastalarda karsinom gelişimini engellemede, iyi yara bakımı, travmadan kaçınmak, iyileşmeyen ülserlerden biyopsi alarak erken tanı konulması önemlidir. En yaygın rastlanan histolojik tümör tipi squamoz hücreli karsinomdur. Uzun süreli iyileşmeyen açık yarası olan ve risk faktörleri bulunan hastalarda kutanöz malignite gelişebileceği akılda tutulmalıdır.Aim Cutaneous malignancies often develop in traumatized, degenerative, and chronically inflamed skin or scar tissues. The observations indicated that cutaneous malignancies often arise in burn scars (Marjolin's ulcer), venous ulcers, compression wounds, cystostomy sites, chronic pilonidal sinus, hidradenitis suppurativa, lupus scars, chronic lymphedema, traumatic wounds, and sites of chronic osteomyelitis. The current study presents a differential diagnosis and treatment approach in patients who received wound care and treatment due to the presence of chronic wounds and in whom biopsy revealed malignancy. Material and Methods Five patients who presented to the clinic due to chronic wounds between 2008 and 2012 and in whom biopsy revealed carcinomas were included in the study. The patients were retrospectively reviewed in terms of previously administered therapies, pathological diagnosis, predisposing factors, time to malignant degeneration, reconstruction techniques, complications, and recurrence. Results The pathological examination revealed verrucous carcinoma in three patients and squamous cell carcinoma in two patients. The mean of malignant degeneration time was 8 years (5- 12). Conclusion Chronic skin irritation and exposure of the soft tissues to different growth factors, and cytotoxic factors arising due to inflammation are thought to play an important role in malignant transformation. Providing good wound care, avoiding traumas, and obtaining biopsy from non-healing wounds to establish early diagnosis are very important in patients with chronic wounds. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most commonly encountered histological tumor type. Moreover, it must also be remembered that cutaneous malignancies can develop in patients with sustained open wounds and risk factors

Use of a Pedinculated Groin Flap in Penile Reconstruction Secondary to Fournier Gangrene: A Case Report

Fournier gangreni, eksternal geni¬tal organları ve perineal bölgeyi tutan, hızla ilerleyerek karın, alt ekstremitelere ve göğüs bölgesine de yayılabi¬len, yüksek morbidite ve mortalite ile seyreden ilerleyici nekrotizan fasiit tablosudur. Sıklıkla aerob ve anaerob bakteriler tarafından oluşturulan polimikrobiyal bir enfeksiyondur. Tedavide ölü dokuların seri debridmanlarla uzaklaştırılması ve geniş spektrumlu parenteral antibiyotik uygulaması yer almaktadır. Bu olgu sunumunda Fournier gangreni nedeni ile penis sirkumferensiyel subglanüler alanda yaklaşık 6x3 cm’lik tam kat deri ve üretra defekti bulunan hastaya pediküllü kasık flebi ve üretra rekonstrüksiyonu ile sağlanan başarılı penis rekonstrüksiyonu sunulacaktır.Fournier gangrene is a progressive clinical picture of necrotizing fasciitis with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, involving external genital organs and the perineal region, and may rapidly spread to other areas such as the abdomen, lower extremities and chest. It is a polymicrobial infection caused most frequently by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Treatment is achieved through the removal of dead tissues by serial debridement and broad spectrum parenteral antibiotic administration. In this case report, we present a successful penis reconstruction achieved by pedicled inguinal flap and urethra reconstruction in a patient with approximately 6x3 cm wide full-thickness skin and urethra defect secondary to Fournier gangrene

Schinzel-Giedion Syndrome with Congenital Megacalycosis in a Turkish Patient: Report of SETBP1 Mutation and Literature Review of the Clinical Features

Schinzel-Giedion syndrome (SGS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that results in facial dysmorphism, multiple congenital anomalies, and an increased risk of malignancy. Recently, using exome sequencing, de novo heterozygous mutations in the SETBP1 gene have been identified in patients with SGS. Most affected individuals do not survive after childhood because of the severity of this disorder. Here, we report SETBP1 mutation confirmed by molecular analysis in a case of SGS with congenital megacalycosis

Complicated Diagnosis; Glomus Tumor of Finger

AimTo evaluate the clinical properties and treatment results of patients with glomus tumor which is one of the rare tumors of the hand originating from the neuromyoarterial glomus body.Materials and MethodsBetween years 2012-2014, a total of 9 patients (6 women and 3 men) diagnosed with glomus tumor of the hand were included in this retrospective study. Age, sex, localization of the lesion, symptoms and the initiation time of the symptoms, time of first clinical evaluation and diagnosis, radiological imaging methods, the treatment applied, pathological diagnosis, follow-up results and the presence of complications were evaluated for each patient.ResultsThe mean age of the patients were 39.6 years. Glomus tumor was observed to be subungual in all patients. Two of the lesions were in the thumb, 3 were in the index finger, 3 were in the middle finger, and 1 was in the fourth finger. The common complaint in all patients was pain in the finger and the nail and tenderness. Cold intolerance was prominent in 4 patients. There was blue discoloration in 2 patients and protuberance and deformation of the nail was observed in 3 patients. The average time between the initiation of the symptoms and the diagnosis was 10.7 months. No erosion in the bony segment of the distal phalanx was present in plain radiography except 1 patient. The masses were observed in the Magnetic Resonance imaging. In 8 of the 9 patients the diagnosis was made clinically and radiologically, and only one patient was diagnosed clinically. All patients received surgical treatment. No recurrence was observed in the 12 month follow-up period. Minimal nail deformities were observed in 4 patients postoperatively.ConclusionIn cases of severe pain localized in the finger, especially fingertip, of unknown cause, glomus tumor should be suspected as a prediagnosis. MRI is the most important step in the diagnosis of the mass