Polyphenols as Possible Agents for Pancreatic Diseases

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is very aggressive and it is estimated that it kills nearly 50% of patients within the first six months. The lack of symptoms specific to this disease prevents early diagnosis and treatment. Today, gemcitabine alone or in combination with other cytostatic agents such as cisplatin (Cis), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan, capecitabine, or oxaliplatin (Oxa) is used in conventional therapy. Outgoing literature provides data on the use of polyphenols, biologically active compounds, in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and the prevention of acute pancreatitis. Therefore, the first part of this review gives a brief overview of the state of pancreatic disease as well as the procedures for its treatment. The second part provides a detailed overview of the research regarding the anticancer effects of both pure polyphenols and their plant extracts. The results regarding the antiproliferative, antimetastatic, as well as inhibitory effects of polyphenols against PC cell lines as well as the prevention of acute pancreatitis are presented in detail. Finally, particular emphasis is given to the polyphenolic profiles of apples, berries, cherries, sour cherries, and grapes, given the fact that these fruits are rich in polyphenols and anthocyanins. Polyphenolic profiles, the content of individual polyphenols, and their relationships are discussed. Based on this, significant data can be obtained regarding the amount of fruit that should be consumed daily to achieve a therapeutic effect

Cartographic generalization for wall map production at scale 1:250.000

Kartografska generalizacija je kreativni proces apstrakcije, koji se koristi prilikom izrade karata. Uključuje proučavanje geografskog okruženja, procenu i obradu geo-podataka u odnosu na vrstu, namenu i razmeru karte. U eri digitalne kartografije veća pažnja se posvećuje automatizaciji procesa generalizacije i razvoju alata za automatsko uopštavanje sadržaja. U ovom radu su objašnjeni modeli i procedure za izradu zidne karte rezmere 1:250.000 (ZK250) na osnovu digitalne topografske karte razmere 1:250.000 (DTK250).Cartographic generalization is a creative process of abstraction, which is used in the maps production. It includes the study of the geographic environment, evaluation and processing of geodata, with regard to type, purpose, and scale of the map. In the era of digital cartography, more attention is being paid to the automatization of the genralization process and developing the tools for the automatic generalization of content. This paper explains the models and procedures for the production of wall map at scale 1:250.000 (WM250) based on digital topographic map at scale 1:250.000 (DTM250)

Cartographic generalization for wall map production at scale 1:250.000

Kartografska generalizacija je kreativni proces apstrakcije, koji se koristi prilikom izrade karata. Uključuje proučavanje geografskog okruženja, procenu i obradu geo-podataka u odnosu na vrstu, namenu i razmeru karte. U eri digitalne kartografije veća pažnja se posvećuje automatizaciji procesa generalizacije i razvoju alata za automatsko uopštavanje sadržaja. U ovom radu su objašnjeni modeli i procedure za izradu zidne karte rezmere 1:250.000 (ZK250) na osnovu digitalne topografske karte razmere 1:250.000 (DTK250).Cartographic generalization is a creative process of abstraction, which is used in the maps production. It includes the study of the geographic environment, evaluation and processing of geodata, with regard to type, purpose, and scale of the map. In the era of digital cartography, more attention is being paid to the automatization of the genralization process and developing the tools for the automatic generalization of content. This paper explains the models and procedures for the production of wall map at scale 1:250.000 (WM250) based on digital topographic map at scale 1:250.000 (DTM250)

Alkaloids in the pharmaceutical industry: Structure, isolation and application

By the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century a new era began in medicine, pharmaceutics and chemistry that was strongly connected with alkaloids and alkaloid drugs. Even before that it was known that certain drugs administered in limited doses were medicines, and toxic if taken in larger doses (opium, coke leaves, belladonna roots, monkshood tubers crocus or hemlock seeds). However, the identification, isolation and structural characterization of the active ingredients of the alkaloid drugs was only possible in the mid 20th century by the use of modern extraction equipment and instrumental methods (NMR, X-ray diffraction and others).In spite of continuing use over a long time, there is still great interest in investigating new drugs, potential raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the more detailed investigation and definition of bio-active components and the indication of their activity range, and the partial synthesis of new alkaloid molecules based on natural alkaloids. The scope of these investigations, especially in the field of semi-synthesis is to make better use of the bio-active ingredients of alkaloid drugs, i.e. to improve the pharmacological effect (stronger and prolonged effect of the medicine, decreased toxicity and side effects), or to extend or change the applications. A combined classification of alkaloids was used, based on the chemical structure and origin, i.e. the source of their isolation to study alkaloid structure. For practical reasons, the following classification of alkaloids was used: ergot alkaloids, poppy alkaloids, tropanic alkaloids purine derivative alkaloids, carbon-cyclic alkaloids, and other alkaloids. The second part of this report presents a table of general procedures for alkaloid isolation from plant drugs (extraction by water non-miscible solvents, extraction by water-miscible solvents and extraction by diluted acid solutions). Also, methods for obtaining chelidonine and glaucine as hydrochloride bases and salts were presented in more details. Data from leading world pharmacopoeias (Ph. Eur. Ill/s 2000, DAB 1996, USP 23, JP XIII, BP 1993, Ph. Jug. IV) were used in the study of application of the pure alkaloids in pharmaceutical forms with predetermined doses. A comparative study of these data shows that a great number of preparations are produced worldwide based on alkaloids and alkaloids with modified structure. These medicines have found use in modern therapeutic practice in many countries. Most products are produced on the basis of caffeine, theophylline, ephedrine, atropine, scopolamine, reserpine and pilocarpine

Sinteza N- i N,N-dialkil-S-alkiltiol-karbamata premeštanjem N- i N,N-dialkil-O-alkiltionkarbamata

A series of N- and N,N-dialkyl-S-alkylthiolcarbamates were synthesized by the rearrangement of N- and N,N-dialkyl-O-alkylthioncarbamates in the presence of diethyl sulfate. The synthesis of some compounds without catalyst was also performed. The compounds were identified by IR, 1H NMR and MS spectroscopic methods. The starting thioncabamates were obtained from the corresponding xanthogenacetates and amines and their structures were also confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and MS data. Some of the thiolcarbamates were characterized for the first time in the literature.U radu je izvršena sinteza N- i N,N-dialkil-S-alkiltiolkarbamata premeštanjem N- i N,N-dialkil-O-alkiltionkarbamata u prisustvu katalizatora dietilsulfata. Tako-đe je ispitana mogućnost njihove sinteze bez prisustva katalizatora. Identifikacija sintetisanih jedinjenja je izvršena IR, 1H NMR i MS spektroskopskim metodama. Polazni tionkarbamati su sintetisani iz odgovarajućih ksantogena-cetata i amina, čija struktura je, takođe potvrđena navedenim instrumentalnim metodama. Neki od sintetisanih tiolkarbamata do sada nisu okarakterisani u literaturi

Intellectual property protection of pharmaceutical products and processes

The role of intellectual property is significantly increasing within new international economic and commercial relationships. Intellectual capital is being increasingly recognised as one of the most important domains belonging to the greatest and the most powerful world companies. Intellectual property protection is a complex category and it comprises legal, technical and economical-financial aspects

Essential oil composition of hypericum atomarium boiss

The essential oil of Hypericum atomarium Boiss. was analysed for the first time. Seven components were identified, accounting for 83.6% of the total oil. The three most abundant components (isocaryophyllene, y-cadinene and 2.4 diisopropenyl-i-methyl-i-vinyl-cyclohexane) represented 64.5% of the oil. A high content of sesquiterpenes (79.6%) characterized the oil

Application of machine learning methods in the classification of satellite images

Machine learning, as a specific domain within artificial intelligence, opens new horizons for both theoretical and experimental research in remote sensing, particularly in satellite imagery classification. This study focuses on applying machine learning methods, specifically decision trees and support vector machines, to classify satellite images. The analysis uses the SAGA GIS software on LANDSAT 8 OLI Level 2A satellite images. Satellite image classification encompasses two primary groups of computer operations: unsupervised (automatic or formal) and supervised (semi-automatic or logical) classification. This research executes the practical classification of satellite images by applying the aforementioned machine learning methods. The results indicate that the obtained classified rasters not only align with but also fully replace existing classification and identification methods of geospatial objects. Consequently, this research contributes to a significant advancement in collecting and analysing geospatial data

Lipophilicity of some guaianolides isolated from two endemic subspecies of Amphoricarpos neumayeri (Asteraceae) from Montenegro

In this study 10 guaianolide-type sesquiterpene gamma-lactones named amphoricarpolides, isolated from the aerial parts of two endemic subspecies of Amphoricarpos neumayeri (ssp. neumayeri and ssp. murbeckii Bosnjak), were investigated by means of reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography. Methanol-water and tetrahydrofuran-water binary mixtures were used as mobile phase in order to determine lipophilicity parameters R(M)(0) and C(0). Some of the investigated compounds were screened for their cytotoxic activity against HeLa and B16 cells. Chromatographically obtained lipophilicity parameters were correlated with calculated logP values and IC(50) values. Principal component analysis identified the dominant pattern in the chromatographically obtained data. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd