The monitoring of biogenic amines in the raw food

The aim of this work was to evaluate microbial quality and the presence of biogenic amines in raw bars. This study was focused on microbiological research in order to determine the presence of selected indicator groups of microorganisms depending on the composition of raw food. Identification of microorganisms was carried out by MALDI-TOF MS. In the second part of the experiment, biogenic amines and polyamines were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with UV/VIS detection. An increased incidence of mold has been reported in the samples, which is associated with a risk of mycotoxin production. After identifying microorganisms, it was found out that genera Micrococcus, Bacillus and Staphylococcus were the most represented. The highest concentration of biogenic amines (tyramine 42.2 ±4.8 mg.kg-1; putrescine 54.0 ±2.9 mg.kg-1) was found in a sample containing the vegetable component. The average concentration of biogenic amines in the tested raw bars was < 30 mg.kg-1 and therefore they do not pose a serious health hazard to a consumer. © 2019 Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences

The impact of cell-free supernatants of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains on the tyramine formation of Lactobacillus and Lactiplantibacillus strains isolated from cheese and beer

Tyramine is one of the most toxic biogenic amines and it is produced commonly by lactic acid bacteria in fermented food products. In present study, we investigated the influence of selected nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains and their cell-free supernatants (CFSs) on tyramine production by four Lactobacillus and two Lactiplantibacillus strains isolated from cheese and beer. Firstly, we examined the antimicrobial effect of the CFSs from twelve Lactococcus strains against tested tyramine producers by agar-well diffusion assay. Six Lactococcus strains whose CFSs showed the highest antimicrobial effect on tyramine producers were further studied. Secondly, we investigated the influence of the selected six Lactococcus strains and their respective CFSs on tyramine production by tested Lactobacillus and Lactiplantibacillus strains in MRS broth supplemented with 2 g.L−1 of L-tyrosine. Tyramine production was monitored by HPLC-UV. The tyramine formation of all tested Lactobacillus and Lactiplantibacillus strains was not detected in the presence of Lc. lactis subsp. lactis CCDM 71 and CCDM 702, and their CFSs. Moreover, the remainder of the investigated Lactococcus strains (CCDM 670, CCDM 686, CCDM 689 and CCDM 731) and their CFSs decreased tyramine production significantly (P < 0.05) – even suppressing it completely in some cases – in four of the six tested tyramine producing strains. © 2021Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (GACR)Grant Agency of the Czech Republic [17-09594S]; Internal Grant of TBU in Zlin [IGA/FT/2020/009]IGA/FT/2020/009; Grantová Agentura České Republiky, GA ČR: 17˗09594

Occurrence of biogenic amines producers in the wastewater of the dairy industry

Out of six samples of wastewater produced in the dairy industry, taken in 2017 at various places of dairy operations, 86 bacterial strains showing decarboxylase activity were isolated. From the wastewater samples, the species of genera Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Microbacterium, Kocuria, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella and Enterobacter were identified by the MALDI-TOF MS and biochemical methods. The in vitro produced quantity of eight biogenic amines (BAs) was detected by the HPLC/UV-Vis method. All the isolated bacteria were able to produce four to eight BAs. Tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine belonged to the most frequently produced BAs. Of the isolated bacteria, 41% were able to produce BAs in amounts >100 mg L-1. Therefore, wastewater embodies a potential vector of transmission of decarboxylase positive microorganisms, which should be taken into consideration in hazard analyses within foodstuff safety control. The parameters of this wastewater (contents of nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, and proteins) were also monitored.National Agency for Agriculture Research [QK1710156]; Internal Grant Agency of the Tomas Bata University in Zlin [IGA/FT/2020/009

Materials interacting with inorganic selenium from the perspective of electrochemical sensing

Inorganic selenium, the most common form of harmful selenium in the environment, can be determined using electrochemical sensors, which are compact, fast, reliable and easy-to-operate devices. Despite progress in this area, there is still significant room for developing high-performance selenium electrochemical sensors. To achieve this, one should take into account (i) the electrochemical process that selenium undergoes on the electrode; (ii) the valence state of selenium species in the sample and (iii) modification of the sensor surface by a material with high affinity to selenium. The goal of this review is to provide a knowledge base for these issues. After the Introduction section, mechanisms and principles of the electrochemical reduction of selenium are introduced, followed by a section introducing the modification of electrodes with materials interacting with selenium and a section dedicated to speciation methods, including the reduction of non-detectable Se(vi) to detectable Se(iv). In the following sections, the main types of materials (metallic, polymers, hybrid (nano)materials horizontal ellipsis ) interacting with inorganic selenium (mostly absorbents) are reviewed to show the diversity of properties that may be endowed to sensors if the materials were to be used for the modification of electrodes. These features for the main material categories are outlined in the conclusion section, where it is stated that the engineered polymers may be the most promising modifiers.Czech Science Foundation GACRGrant Agency of the Czech Republic [20-27735Y]20-27735