Performance Analysis of Transmitter Identification Based on I/Q Imbalance Estimation

Performance of a transmitter identification method based on I/Q imbalance estimation is analyzed for different modulation types in this work. This analysis is considered on the basis of the constellation structure of proper and improper modulation signals. The effect of impropriety of complex signals on the features obtained from I/Q imbalance is analyzed. Simulation results show that transmitters can be identified with a high accuracy for proper communication signals even at low SNR, whereas the identification performance degrades for improper communications signals, especially at low SNR. © 2019 IEEE

Treatability of nitrobenzene in sequential anaerobic (AMBR)/aerobic (CSTR) reactor system and biodegradation of nitrobenzen

Bu çalışmada nitrobenzen (NB)'in arıtılabilirliği anaerobik hareketli yatak reaktör (AHYR) ve onu takip eden aerobik sürekli karıştırmalı tank reaktör (SKTR) sistemi kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. AHYR reaktör 20 mg/L den 400 mg/L'ye artırılan NB konsantrasyonlarında (1.93 g/m3.gün'den 38.54 g/m3.gün'e arttırılan NB yükleme hızlarında) birincil substrat olarak glikoz kullanılarak 128 gün boyunca 10.38 günlük sabit hidrolik bekleme süresinde (HBS) sürekli olarak işletilmiştir. Sürekli işletim boyunca giriş KOİ konsantrasyonu 3000 mg/L glikoz-KOİ'sine eşdeğerdir. Fakat NB'nin ortama KOİ vermesi nedeniyle, NB konsantrasyonu 20 mg/L den 400 mg/L' ye arttığı zaman, giriş KOİ konsantrasyonu 3000 mg/L den 3400 mg/L'ye artmıştır. Çalışmada maksimum KOİ ve NB uzaklaştırma verimi veren optimum NB konsantrasyonu ve NB yükleme hızı, 60 mg/L ve 3.85 g NB /m3.gün olarak bulunmuştur. Optimum NB konsantrasyonu ve yükleme hızında KOİ uzaklaştırma verimi % 93 ve NB uzaklaştırma verimi ise 100% dür. Maksimum toplam gaz, metan gaz üretimi ve % metan miktarı 5.78 g/m3.gün'lük NB yükleme hızında sırasıyla 2.8 L/gün, 1.3 L/gün ve %44 olarak bulunmuştur. AHYR reaktörde toplam uçucu yağ asidi (TUYA) konsantrasyonu ilk bölmede diğer bölmelerden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. İlk bölmede NB yükleme hızı 1.93 g/m3.gün'den 38.54 g/m3.gün'e arttırıldığı zaman TUYA konsantrasyonu AHYR'nin ilk bölmesinde 46 mg/L'den 160 mg/L'ye artmıştır. Optimum ve maksimum NB yükleme hızlarında TUYA konsantrasyonları çıkışta sırasıyla 0 mg/L ve 17 mg/L olarak bulunmuştur. AHYR’ nin bölmelerinde ve çıkışında TUYA/ bikarbonat alkalinitesi (Bik.Alk.) oranları ise tüm NB yükleme hızlarında 0.04'ün altındadır. Anaerobik (AHYR)/aerobik (SKTR) reaktör sisteminde toplam KOİ uzaklaştırma verimleri artan NB yükleme hızlarına bağlı olarak % 93 ile % 97 arasında değişmiş ve NB uzaklaştırma verimi ise tüm NB yükleme hızlarında %100 olarak bulunmuştur. NB anaerobik şartlar altında aniline, anilin ise aerobik şartlar altında kateşole dönüşmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anaerobik hareketli yatak reaktör, nitrobenzen, anilin, ardışık reaktör sistem. In this study the treatability of nitrobenzene(NB) was investigated in sequential anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR)/completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. The AMBR reactor was operated continuously through 128 days using glucose as primary substrate with increasing NB concentrations from 20 to 400 mg/L. The NB loading rates increasing from 1.93 g/m3.day to 38.54 g.m-3.day-1 at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10.38 days. The influent COD concentrations and COD loading rate were kept constant at approximately 3000 mg/L and 0.289 g/L.day with addition of glucose through continuously operation, respectively. But, when NB concentration increased from 20 mg/L to 400 mg/L, the influent COD concentration increased from 3000 mg/L to 3400 mg/L due to NB giving an additive COD. In batch study, NB concentration caused 50% decreases in the methanogenic activity (decrease of methane gas production) were calculated as IC50 value. The IC50 value for NB were found as 109 mg/L. In continuous study, optimum NB concentration and NB loading rate were found as 60 mg/L and 3.85 g/m3.day, respectively, which given maximum COD and NB removal efficiency. COD removal efficiency remained approximately between 93 and 94 % until a NB loading rate of 5.78 g/m3day correspond to a NB concentration of 60 mg/L. NB removal efficiency was found as 100 % at all NB loading rates. The effluent NB concentrations were approximately 0 mg/L at all NB loading rates. 100 % of the nitrobenzene was reduced to aniline in the anaerobic reactor at a HRT of 10.38 days. COD and NB removal efficiencies were 93% and 100% at optimum NB concentration and NB loading rate. Maximum total gas, methane gas productions and methane percentage were found as 2.8 L/day, 1.3 L/day and %44, respectively at a NB loading rate of 5.78 g/m3.day. After a NB loading rate of 5.78 g/m3day, the daily total gas, methane gas productions and methane gas percentage decreased through NB loading rate. 1.8 L/day total gas, 0.78 L/day methane gas and 39% methane percentage  were obtained at a maximum NB loading rate of 38.54 g/m3day. This indicated the inhibition effect of NB on methane Archeae at NB loading rates as high as 38.54 g/m3day correspond to NB concentration of 400 mg/L. pH values in the effluent and in the compartments of AMBR varied between 7.0-7.9. These values were between optimum pH values. The pH values were lower in initial compartment than that the other compartments due to high total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in the first compartment. TVFA concentration was higher in the first compartment that other compartments in AMBR. TVFA concentration increased from 46 mg/L to 160 mg/L in the first compartment when NB loading rate increased from 1.93 to 38.54 g/m3.day. The effluent TVFA concentrations were 0 mg/L and 17 mg/L, respectively at optimum 3.85 g/m3.day and maximum 38.54 g.m-3.day-1NB loading rates. Bic.Alk. concentrations were lower in the first compartment than the others compartments due to low pH. This indicates the utilization of alkalinity to buffer the TVFA and CO2 produced from the anaerobic co-metabolism of NB. TVFA/Bicarbonat alkalinity (Bic.Alk.) ratios were below 0.04 in compartments and in the effluent of AMBR at all NB loading rates. Nitrobenzene was reduced to aniline, in the first step, under anaerobic condition, and then in the second step, aniline was mineralized to catechol under aerobic conditions. The presence of aniline peak in effluent of anaerobic AMBR indicated that the nitrobenzene converted to aniline under anaerobic conditions. Aniline was biodegraded in aerobic stage. No peak of aniline was observed in the effluent of aerobic CSTR reactor. This showed that aniline was biodegraded to catechol in aerobic stage. The total COD removal efficiencies changed between 93% and 97% at increased NB loading rates in anaerobic/aerobic reactor system. NB removal efficiencies were 100% at all NB loading rates in anaerobic/aerobic sequential reactor system.  Keywords: Anaerobic migrating blanket reactor, nitrobenzene, aniline, sequential reactor system. 

Our Multiple Single-step Access Results in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Objective:The aim of this study is to evaluate the success and complication rates of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) with multiple single step access in patients with staghorn kidney stones.Materials and Methods:A total of 118 patients with staghorn kidney stones, who underwent PNL in our clinic between 2008 and 2015, were included in the study. All patients were examined with non-contrast abdominal computed tomography before the operation. Demographic data of patients, operation details, intra- and postoperative complications and additional interventions were evaluated.Results:The mean age of the patients included in the study was 49.6 years. The mean operative time was 139.4 minutes and the mean fluoroscopy time was 126.9 seconds. Postoperative residual stone was detected in 28% of the patients. Postoperative fever was observed in 19 patients (16.2%), and sepsis developed in 3 (2.5%) of them. Additional postoperative procedures were required in 11 patients (9.3%). No patient was lost due to complications. Operation success and complication rates were compatible with the literature.Conclusion:For staghorn stones, PNL with multiple single step dilatation technique can be used as an effective and safe method in adult patients

Serum Antioxidative Enzymes Levels and Oxidative Stress Products in Children and Adolescents with Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Aim:Type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) is an oxidative stress condition in addition to being a chronic metabolic disease. In this study, our aim is to investigate the activity of antioxidative enzymes and the products of oxidative stress in children and adolescents with TIDM and compare the findings with those in healthy control subjects.Materials and Methods:The study enrolled 41 children and adolescents with TIDM (mean age 11.4±3.3 years; 21 female, 20 male) and 25 healthy subjects (mean age 11.3±3.1 years; 8 female, 17 male) with a similar age and gender distribution. Serum samples were obtained to detect the antioxidative enzymes of paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE), oxidation degradation products of malondialdehyde (MDA) and also zinc which acts as an antioxidant.Results:We found a significant decrease in PON activity and zinc levels in diabetics compared to the healthy controls (p=0.021; p<0.001, respectively). Zinc was negatively correlated to hemoglobin A1c (r=-0.317, p=0.049). MDA and ARE did not show a significant difference in the TIDM patients compared to the healthy subjects.Conclusion:Zinc level and PON activity were lower in diabetic children and adolescents. Further studies with larger samples are required to confirm their roles in the following and prognosis of TIDM

Investigation of atypical agents in respiratory tract infections

Bu prospektif çalışmada, yaklaşık 1 yıllık bir sürede (Ocak 1999-Mayıs 2000) solunum yolu infeksiyonlarının etyolojik tanısı için 7 viral ve 3 atipik bakteriye ait antijenler immünfloresan yöntemle araştırılmıştır. Solunum yolu infeksiyonu semptomu olan pediatrik (grup l, 76 olgu) ve erişkin (grup II, 135 olgu) yaş grubundaki hastalarda, solunum yolu sekresyonları elde edilmiştir. Etyolojik tanı; pediatrik olgularda %45.4, erişkin olgularda ise %67.3 oranında konulmuştur. Grup l ve grup ll'de sırasıyla; Chlamydia pneumoniae %17.8, %13.3; Mycoplasma pneumoniae %0, %9.6; influenza A virüsü %3.9, %16.3; adenovirüs %3.9, %14.8; parainfluenza virüs tip 1 %5.3, %7.4; respiratuar sinsityal virüs %9.2, %1.5; parainfluenza virüs tip 2 %3.9, %3.0 ve influenza B virüs %1.3, %1.5 oranlarında tespit edilmiştir. Hastaların %2.6 ve %3.9'unda birden fazla etken bulunurken, parainfluenza virüs tip 3 ile Legionella pneumophila'ya ait antijen tespit edilmemiştir. Kullanılan immünfloresan yöntemin etyolojik tanıya katkısı ve sonuçların rasyonel antibiyotik kullanımına etkisi tartışılmıştır.In this prospective study, 7 viral and 3 atypical bacteria antigens were investigated by immunofluorescence method during January 1999-May 2000 for the etiological diagnossis of respiratory tract infections. Respiratory tract secretions were obtained from children (group I, 76 cases) and adults (group II, 135 cases) who had symptoms of respiratory tract infections. Etiological diagnosis was reported as 45.4% in pediatric cases and 67.3% in adults. In group I and group II; the rates of Chlamydia pneumoniae was 17.8%, 13.3%; Mycoplasma pneumoniae 0%, 9.6%; influenza A virus 3.9%, 16.3%; adenovirus 3.9%, 14.8%; parainfluenza virus type 1 5.3%, 7.4%; respiratory syncytial virus 9.2%, 1.5%; parainfluenza virus type 2 3.9%, 3.0%; and influenza B virus 1.3%, 1.5% respectively. In 2.6% and 3.9% of the patients in two groups two or more etiological agents were identified. Parainfluenza virus type 3 and Legionella pneumophila antigens could not be determined in any of the patients. The advantage of immunofluorescence method for the etiological diagnosis and the effect of results to the rational antibiotic use were discussed

Investigation of atypical agents in respiratory tract infections

Bu prospektif çalışmada, yaklaşık 1 yıllık bir sürede (Ocak 1999-Mayıs 2000) solunum yolu infeksiyonlarının etyolojik tanısı için 7 viral ve 3 atipik bakteriye ait antijenler immünfloresan yöntemle araştırılmıştır. Solunum yolu infeksiyonu semptomu olan pediatrik (grup l, 76 olgu) ve erişkin (grup II, 135 olgu) yaş grubundaki hastalarda, solunum yolu sekresyonları elde edilmiştir. Etyolojik tanı; pediatrik olgularda %45.4, erişkin olgularda ise %67.3 oranında konulmuştur. Grup l ve grup ll'de sırasıyla; Chlamydia pneumoniae %17.8, %13.3; Mycoplasma pneumoniae %0, %9.6; influenza A virüsü %3.9, %16.3; adenovirüs %3.9, %14.8; parainfluenza virüs tip 1 %5.3, %7.4; respiratuar sinsityal virüs %9.2, %1.5; parainfluenza virüs tip 2 %3.9, %3.0 ve influenza B virüs %1.3, %1.5 oranlarında tespit edilmiştir. Hastaların %2.6 ve %3.9'unda birden fazla etken bulunurken, parainfluenza virüs tip 3 ile Legionella pneumophila'ya ait antijen tespit edilmemiştir. Kullanılan immünfloresan yöntemin etyolojik tanıya katkısı ve sonuçların rasyonel antibiyotik kullanımına etkisi tartışılmıştır.In this prospective study, 7 viral and 3 atypical bacteria antigens were investigated by immunofluorescence method during January 1999-May 2000 for the etiological diagnossis of respiratory tract infections. Respiratory tract secretions were obtained from children (group I, 76 cases) and adults (group II, 135 cases) who had symptoms of respiratory tract infections. Etiological diagnosis was reported as 45.4% in pediatric cases and 67.3% in adults. In group I and group II; the rates of Chlamydia pneumoniae was 17.8%, 13.3%; Mycoplasma pneumoniae 0%, 9.6%; influenza A virus 3.9%, 16.3%; adenovirus 3.9%, 14.8%; parainfluenza virus type 1 5.3%, 7.4%; respiratory syncytial virus 9.2%, 1.5%; parainfluenza virus type 2 3.9%, 3.0%; and influenza B virus 1.3%, 1.5% respectively. In 2.6% and 3.9% of the patients in two groups two or more etiological agents were identified. Parainfluenza virus type 3 and Legionella pneumophila antigens could not be determined in any of the patients. The advantage of immunofluorescence method for the etiological diagnosis and the effect of results to the rational antibiotic use were discussed

The presence of upper extremity problems and the effect on quality of life in breast cancer patients who undergone breast surgery and axillary dissection

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of upper extremity problems in patients who had undergone breast cancer surgery, to compare the risk factors associated with these problems and to investigate their effects on quality of life. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty-two patients who had undergone either modified radical mastectomy or breast conserving surgery (lumpectomy) were enrolled to the study. Lymphedema, shoulder pain and restriction of shoulder motion were considered as upper extremity problems. Type of surgery, body mass index (BMI), radiotherapy, chemotherapy, disease stage and dominant hand involvement were recorded. The World Health Organisation (WHO) Quality of Life-BREF-Turkish Version (WHOQOLBREF- TR) was used for the assessment of quality of life. Results: Shoulder pain was the most common symptom (45.5%), followed by lymphedema (34.8%) and shoulder motion restriction (22%). No significant relation was found between lymphedema and age, type of surgery, restriction of shoulder motion, pain and dominant hand involvement. Increased BMI, treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, advanced-disease stage and lymph node involvement were associated with lymphedema (p< 0.05). It was seen that doing regular exercise had positive effect on lymphedema, pain and shoulder motion restriction reduction (p<0.05). Lymphedema, pain and shoulder motion restriction were related with physical and psychological subgroups of WHOQOL-BREF TR, whereas shoulder motion restriction was also associated with the environmental subgroup (p<0.05). When lymphedema, pain and shoulder motion restriction was searched for to determine which one was more effective on quality of life shoulder pain had negative effect in the physical and psychological subgroups; motion restriction had negative effect in the physical subgroup, whereas lymphedema did not affect the quality of life subgroups. Exercise also had positive contribution to environmental and psychological subgroups of quality of life (p<0.05). Conclusion: Arm problems are frequently encountered following breast surgery and affect the daily living of patients by decreasing their quality of life. The major aim in these patients must be taking preventive precautions and preserving the quality of life by minimizing complications with regular follow-up. Turk J Phys Med Re hab 2011;57:186-92. © Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Published by Galenos Publishing

Nephrocutaneous Fistula: An Unusual Nephrectomy Indication in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) is recognized as the gold standard treatment method for stones larger than 2 cm due to its high success and acceptably low complication rates. The complications of PNL are well defined. Prolonged urinary leakage is one of them. In this study, a case of post-PNL urine leakage that was eventually treated with nephrectomy is discussed

Organik Sultani Çekirdeksiz Üzüm Yetiştiriciliği

Bu projede, organik ürün olarak, talebi oldukça fazla Sultani Çekirdeksiz kuru üzüm üretimi ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, iki alt projeden oluşturulmuştur. I. Alt projede organik tarımda istenen minimum toprak işlemesi yanında ülkemizde bulunan ve birçok olumlu özelliklere sahip Zeolit (Klinoptilolitie mineral [Agro-clıno (NMF 900)]) kullanımı da denemede yer almıştır. II. Alt proje de ise Ege Bölgesi bağlarının ana hastalığı olan külleme mücadelesinde NaHCO3’ (içme sodasının) mevcut koşullardaki kullanım olanakları projede ele alınmıştır Bağlardaki ana zararlı da salkım güvesi olup her iki alt projede, salkım güvesi mücadelesinde tuzaklar asılarak zararlının ergin populasyonu bu tuzaklarla ilk ergin çıkışından uçuşlar sona erinceye kadar haftalık olarak izlenmiştir. Uçuş eğrileri ile tahmin-uyarı istasyonlarından elde edilen meteorolojik veriler ışığında gerekli uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, KULTIVATOR ile toprak işleme sisteminin toprağa olumsuz etkisinin de en az düzeyde olduğu da dikkate alınarak önerilebileceği ortaya çıkmıştır. Yeşilyurt yöresi topraklarındaki mikrobiyal aktiviteyi arttırmada malç uygulaması önerilmesine karşın, bu uygulama diğer disiplinler tarafından uygun görülmediğinden alternatif olarak KULTIVATOR uygulaması tercih edilmektedir. Kükürt ve içme sodası uygulanan parsellerde külleme hastalık şiddeti konvansiyonel olan şahit parsele göre istatistiki öneme sahip düzeyde azalma kaydetmiştir. Konvansiyonel koşullardaki hastalığın daha fazla görülmesini uygun koşulları yaratacak yoğun vejetatif gelişmenin yaratmış olduğu düşünülmektedir. Kükürdün zararlıları baskılayıcı etkisi de bilindiğinden organik yetiştiricilikte Külleme mücadelesinde içme sodasına nazaran özellikle kükürdün tercih edilmesi uygun bulunmaktadır. Denemenin başladığı 2003 yılı baz alındığında Zeolit (Klinoptilolitie mineral [Agro-clıno (NMF 900)]) uygulamalarında verim ve kalite kriterlerinde artış olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Toprak işleme uygulamalarından toprağı çizerek işleme salkım sayısı ve verim bakımından önemli bulunurken pulluk+ diskharow ile işleme salkım ağırlığını; malç uygulamasının ise kuru maddeyi ve tane tutumunu arttırdığı görülmektedir. Yaprak alma uygulamalarından, 6 adet yaprak alınması kontrole nazaran verim, salkım sayısı ve salkım ağırlığını nispeten arttırmıştır. Proje konusu çalışma birimleri itibarıyla değerlendirildiğinde toprağın çizilerek işlenmesi (KULTIVATOR sistemi) ön plana çıkmaktadır