Physico-Chemical Treatment of Dairy Industry Wastewaters: A Review

Dairy industries have grown in most countries because of the demand in milk and milk products. This rise has led to the growth of dairy industries. The wastewaters discharged from this industry contain high concentrations of nutrients, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS) and organic and inorganic contents, which can cause serious environmental problems if not properly treated. The conventional biological treatment methods are suitable for dairy wastewaters due to its high biodegradability. However, long chain fatty acids formed during the hydrolysis of lipids show the inhibitory action during anaerobic treatment. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems seem to be the most promising technology for the biological treatment of dairy wastewaters. Several research papers have been published on the application of aerobic and anaerobic treatment technologies for dairy industry wastewater, but both treatment methods still have some disadvantages. The most important challenge is to find cost-efficient and environmentally sustainable approaches to enable water reuse and waste management. Therefore, alternative treatment technologies against biological treatment methods such as coagulation, adsorption, membrane and electrolysis processes are under investigation. This chapter provides a critical review focusing on physicochemical treatment technologies of dairy wastewater

Treatment of Antibiotics in Wastewater Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

Antibiotics are nonbiodegradable, can survive at aquatic environments for long periods and they have a big potential bio-accumulation in the environment. They are extensively metabolized by humans, animals and plants. After metabolization, antibiotics or their metabolites are excreted into the aquatic environment. Removal of these compounds from the aquatic environment is feasible by different processes. But antibiotics are not treated in conventional wastewater treatment plants efficiently. During the last years studies with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for removal of these pharmaceuticals from waters has shown that they can be useful for removing them fully. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can work as alternatives or complementary method in traditional wastewater treatment, and highly reactive free radicals, especially hydroxyl radicals (OH) generated via chemical (O3/H2O2, O3/OH-), photochemical (UV/O3, O3/H2O2) reactions, serve as the main oxidant. This study presents an overview of the literature on antibiotics and their removal from water by advanced oxidation processes. It includes almost all types of antibiotics which are consumed by human and veterinary processes. It was found that most of the investigated advanced oxidation treatment processes for the oxidation of antibiotics in water are direct and indirect photolysis with the combinations of H2O2, TiO2, ozone and Fenton?s reagent

Investigation of treatibility of pharmaceutical products in constructed wetland systems

Bu çalışmanın amacı, laboratuar ölçekli reaktörlerde yüzey altı akışlı sistemde Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex. Steudel (kamış) ile dolgu malzemesi olarak da Leca (genişletilmiş kil agregası) kullanılarak ve serbest yüzey akışlı sistemde ise Lemna minor L. (su mercimeği) kullanılarak hem evsel atık suyun hem de seçilen farmasötik ürünlerin arıtılabilirliğini araştırmaktır. Sistemler öncelikli olarak zayıf evsel atık su ile daha sonra kuvvetli evsel atık su ile sürekli olarak çalıştırılmıştır. Hidrolik bekletme süresi üç gün olarak belirlenen yapay sulak alan sistemlerinin giriş ve çıkışından alınan numunelerde atık su arıtım performansını ortaya koymak amacıyla pH, sıcaklık, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC25°C), çözünmüş oksijen (ÇO), toplam azot (TN), amonyum azotu (NH4-N), nitrat (NO3-), nitrit (NO2-), toplam fosfor (TP), orto-fosfat (PO4-P), askıda katı madde (AKM), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ), biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ) belirlenmiştir. İşletim süresince, yüzey altı akışlı yapay sulak alan sisteminin serbest yüzey akışlı sisteme göre evsel atık sularının arıtımında daha iyi performans gösterdiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliğinde doğal arıtım sistemleri için uygulanan deşarj standartlarına göre değerlendirildiğinde, her iki sistem için deşarj standartlarının sağlandığı görülmektedir. Farmasötik ürünlerin arıtımda (karbamazepin, ibuprofen ve sulfadiazin), yüzey altı akışlı sistemde serbest yüzey akışlı sisteme göre daha yüksek giderim verimi elde edilmiştir. Yüzey altı akışlı sistemde Leca yatak malzemesinin kullanıldığı kontrol tankında arıtılan farmasötik ürünlerden karbamazepin ve sulfadiazinin Freundlich izotermine, sulfadiazin ise Langmuir izotermine uygunluk göstermiştir.The aim of this study was established in laboratory reactors as a subsurface flow system, rooted plant Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex. Steudel (cane) and as filter material Leca (expanded clay aggregate) and free-surface flow system in the floating aquatic plant Lemna minor L. (Duckweed) to investigate the treatibility of domestic wastewater and pharmaceutical products. Reactors were fed continously priority with weak domestic wastewater and then with strong domestic wastewater. Hydraulic retention time is approximately three days, samples were taken at inlet and outlet water wetlands for the pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC25°C), dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), total phosphorus (TP), ortho-phosphate (PO4-P), suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were analyzed in order to demonstrate the performance. During operation, subsurface flow artificial wetland treatment system provided an ideal performance than subsurface flow artificial wetland treatment system for domestic wastewater treatment. Water Pollution Control Regulation discharge standards imposed on natural treatment systems evaluated according to the pH, BOD and COD concentration values for subsurface flow and free-surface flow system discharge standards. In treatment of the pharmaceutical products, subsurface flow system showed higher performance than free surface flow system. Pharmaceutical products (carbamazepine, ibuprofen and sulfadiazine) treated with Leca, the tank bed material used in control tank of subsurface flow system, showed compliance with Freundlich isotherm application of carbamazepine and sulfadiazin and showed compliance with Langmuir isotherm application of sulfadiazine

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal and industrial wastewaters by use of Lemna sp. (duckweed)

Bu çalışmada, su bitkilerinden Lemna minör L. (su mercimeği) ile evsel ve endüstriyel atık sulardan nutrient (azot, fosfor) gideriminin incelenmesi ve bu açıdan sistemin uygulanabilirliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, su mercimeği içeren akuatik bitki sisteminin, seçilen evsel ve endüstriyel atık sulardan azot, fosfor, KOİ giderim verimleri incelenmiştir. Bu tezde yer alan deneysel çalışmaların değerlendirilmesi sonucunda giderim verimleri; KOİ için evsel atık suda %83,67 ve endüstriyel atık suda %74,55; TN için evsel atık suda %86,49 ve endüstriyel atık suda %83,69; TP için evsel atık suda %71,72 ve endüstriyel atık suda %85,4; OP için evsel atık suda %83,26 ve endüstriyel atık suda %94,99 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplanan bu sonuçlar, Lemna minör L. (su mercimeği) bazlı deneysel çalışmada, etkili giderim verimi elde ettiğimizi ve optimum koşullar altında su mercimeği bazlı sistemlerinin yüksek arıtım kapasitesine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.In this thesis, nitrogen and phosphorus removal from industrial and municipal wastewater use of Lemna minör L. was investigated and application of the system was purposed. Removal efficiency of COD, TN, TP and OP removal from municipal and industrial wastewaters was investigated. COD removal efficiencies in municipal industrial and wastewater were 83,67% and 74,55% respectively. TN was removed in municipal industrial and wastewater 86,49% and 83,69% respectively. TP removal efficiencies in municipal industrial and wastewater were 71,72% and 85,4% respectively. OP was removed in municipal industrial and wastewater was 83,26% and 94,99% respectively. Results showed that duckweed based experimental study has effective removal efficiency and duckweed based systems has a high removal capacity under optimum conditions