Ways of communication between trainers and parents

The aim of this study is to determine the ways in which the coaches who work in different branches communicate with parents and to determine the importance and importance of using these communication paths in terms of different variables.The study population is the same as the sample of the study and consists of 70 (41 Male 29 Female) coaches (permanent, contracted) who work in İzmir.In this research, cross-sectional approach is adopted from general survey models. The data were collected by Coşkun (2010) by means of scale form m Parent-Teacher Communication Paths ”, which was conducted for validity and reliability. The scale is 5-point Likert, consisted of 47 items of behavior and eight sub-dimensions aiming to measure the level of care and realization of communication with parents. As the data were normally distributed and n> 30, dependent t-test was used to compare the level of care with the parents, but the sub-groups were n <30 and non-parametric tests were preferred for the evaluation of other independent variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted for Mann Whitney-U, education and coaching level independent variables.As a result of the analyzes, a statistically significant difference was found in all sub-scales and total scores between the level of care of the coaches and the way of communication with parents (p <0.05). In the case of caregivers of parents with regard to the ways of communicating with parents, in the sub-dimension of socio-cultural activities in terms of gender argument, in the parent visit sub-dimension in terms of the educational level argument, in terms of the instructor-level argument, in the sub-dimensions of telephone-internet, parent visits, information-informing there was a significant difference (p <0.05).In terms of gender independent variables, there is a statistically significant difference between the sub-dimensions of telephone-internet, parent visits, home visits sub-dimensions, co-operative level, and telephone-internet and parent visits (p <0.05).According to these results, it can be said that the coaches cannot perform as much as the value attributed to the parents. In addition, it can be said that women are more concerned with socio-cultural activities than the ways of communication, the group with low level of education gives more importance to parents' meetings, while those with high levels of coaching tend to pay more attention to telephone, parent visits and informing-informing ways. In terms of the phenomenon of conducting communication paths, it is observed that males are better in telephone-internet, parental hierarchy and home-visit. It has also been found that telephone-internet and parent meeting paths are better performed as the seniority of coaching increases

The impact of artificial wall climbing as a recreational activity on children's locus of control

The aim of this research is to determine the effects of artificial wall climbing - which was performed by primary school students- as a recreative activity on children’s locus of control. Artificial wall climbing represents itself as a learning point beyond a sportive activity while creating an opportunity for participants to discover the limits of their own and that of others’, and opening a path for learning through experience by rendering the participants active rather than passive.The research was designed as one group pre-test – post-test model. The sample of the study is the same as the study population. 40 (15 female, 25 male) students studying in 7th and 8th grades of primary school attended voluntarily in this study.  Climbing practices were determined according to students' free time. Climbing practices were planned to be 90 minutes each. It is organized two days in a week between at least twenty-four hours. The test lasted 6 weeks in total. The activity which started with warm-up exercises suited for the age group was configured as a developmental schema as it started with top rope and extended to lead climbing route again on the climbing routes suited for the age groups. During the practice, it was ensured to provide knowledge and skills for not only climbing skills but also for other topics such as basic knowledge of climbing techniques, basic knots and belaying. The practice lasted six weeks and the questionnaire was applied before and after.To determine whether participants had a tendency towards externalizing or internalizing bias, "Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale" was used.As a result of the statistical analysis, it was observed that there are significant differences between pre-test and the difference of differences regarding the gender discrepancy and between pre-test and post-test scores regarding the total scores (p<0.05).The group of activities carried out for the artificial wall climbing led to a positive development in the children’s perception of locus of control and it was seen that children's beliefs on what’s happening around them is under their control and they can turn their lives in whichever direction they want were positively influenced

The effects of one-day outdoor education on self- efficacy

Self-efficacy-sufficiency is defined as the belief of a person about how well s/he can perform the actions to deal with the problems which s/he confronts. The belief of self-efficacy determines whether the person will manifest the right behaviour when confronted with a problem, and how much effort s/he will put in and how insistent s/he will be to deal with the problem.The process of learning based on individuals' learning from their own lives and experiences, and reflecting on what is learned from the experience is called experiential learning, and is used widely as a method of personal development and learning. Outdoor education based on the principle of learning by experience acts as a catalyst for getting the participants to leave their comfort zones through a set of unusual activities carried out in a different atmosphere, and for encouraging them to change and to understand themselves as well as others.The study was in pre-test-post-test design as one group and data was collected by survey. The sample of survey is the same with target population of the study and composed of 90 university students ( 50 men – 40 women), who play an active role in the Community of Mountain Climbing and Outdoor Sports and who volunteer for outdoor education. Outdoor education lasted one day and was designed in accordance with the literature.  The outdoor education programme consisted of an opening meeting in which participants discussed the things to be done, and topics such as the comfort zone, learning by experience, and transfer of behaviours, two high-level activities, and an initiative activity based on communication and problem solving.The Self-efficacy Scale (SES) developed in 1982 by Sherer et al. was used for measurement. The Scale was adapted to Turkish and tested for validity and reliability by Gözüm and Aksayan (1999).This study aims to determine the effects of a one-day outdoor activity on the perceived level of self-efficacy of the participating students. The statistical analyses conducted have shown that the outdoor activity did not lead to a significant difference as regards the independent variable of gender (p>.05), yet it had a significant positive effect on the perceived self-efficacy of the participants (p<.05).It can be concluded that the series of outdoor activities has a positive effect on the perceived self-efficacy of the participants. ÖzetÖz etkililik-yeterlik bireyin olası durumlar ile başa çıkabilmek için gerekli olan eylemleri ne kadar iyi yapabildiklerine ilişkin inançları olarak tanımlanır. Öz yeterlik inancının bireyin doğru ya da yanlış etkinlikler yapma davranışını etkilediğini, aynı zamanda bireyin bir sorun ile karşılaştığında sorunu çözmek için ne kadar çaba harcayacağı ve ne kadar ısrarcı olacağının belirtisi olduğunu da vurgulamaktadır.Bireylerin kendi yaşantılarından, deneyimlerinden öğrenmeleri ve bu öğrenmenin sonuçları güvenli bir şekilde değerlendirmelerine dayalı eğitim sistematiği yaşantısal öğrenme olarak adlandırılmakta ve kişisel gelişim ve öğrenme için önemli bir metot olarak kullanılmaktadır. Farklı bir atmosferde katılımcılarına alışkın olunmayan etkinlikler bütünü ile onları konfor alanlarından çıkmalarını sağlayan, katılımcıları, değişime ve kendileri ile başkalarını anlamayı başarmaları için cesaretlendirmek üzere planlamış ve yaşayarak öğrenme prensibine dayanan açık alan eğitimi bir katalizör olarak iş görmektedir.Araştırma tek grup ön test- son test modelinde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi çalışma evreni ile aynı olup üniversite öğrencilerimizden Dağcılık ve Doğa sporları topluluğuna aktif olarak katılan ve açık alan eğitimine gönüllü katılan 90( 50 erkek, 40 bayan)  öğrenciden oluşmuştur. Açık alan eğitimi bir gün sürmüş olup, program alanyazın da desteklediği biçimde tasarlanmıştır. Bu süreç içerisinde; açılış toplantısı, ki bu toplantıda yapılacaklar, konfor alanı, yaşayarak öğrenme ve davranışların transferi gibi konular yer almış, takip eden zaman dilimlerinde 2 adet yüksek aktivite, iletişim ve problem çözmeye dayalı 1 adet insiyatif aktivitesi yer almıştır.Ölçüm için Sherer ve arkadaşları tarafından 1982 yılında geliştirilen Öz Etkililik-Yeterlilik Ölçeği (ÖEYÖ) kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin Türkçe formunun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği 1999 yılında Gözüm ve Aksayan tarafından yapılmıştır.Bu çalışmanın amacı öğrencilerin katıldığı açık alan etkinliğinin onların öz-etkililik algı düzeyine etkisinin tespit edilmesidir. Yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda, açık alan eğitiminin cinsiyet bağımsız değişkeni açısından bir fark yaratmadığı (p>.05), ancak katılımcıların öz-etkililik algılarında anlamlı pozitif etkisinin olduğu (p<.05) tespit edilmiştir.Sonuç olarak açık alan etkinlikler bütününün, katılımcıların öz-etkililik algılarını olumlu etkilediği söylenebilir

Effect of tennis education on problem solving skills in university studentsTenis eğitiminin üniversite öğrencilerinin problem çözme becerisi üzerine etkisi

This study has been carried out with the aim of analyzing and comparing problem solving skills of the students taking or not taking tennis education.   Total 80 university students, 40 of whom taking tennis education and 40 of whom not taking these education have participated on the basis of volunteering. This research was conducted in an experimental model. In this study, Problem Solving Inventory adapted into Turkish language by Şahin, Şahin and Heppner (1993) and developed by Heppner and Peterson (1982) has been used. While the trail group participated in a tennis training program of 3 days a week, 2 hours a day and a total of 3 months, the control group continued their normal life without participating in any regular work.Statistical findings have been obtained by means of SPSS 20.0 packaged software.  The Independent-t test was applied to examine the difference between the experimental and control groups and the effect of the gender independent variable. And for calculating the difference of pre-test and posttest, Test of Paired Sample was applied  According to the parameter of problem solving skill, there was a significant difference between value of the pre-test and value of the post-test on experimental group (<0,05), pbut There was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test values depending on gender variable (>0,05). As a result, it is thought that exercises have a positive change on problem solving skills on the students who taking tennis education. ÖzetBu çalışma tenis eğitimi alan ve almayan öğrencilerin, problem çözme becerilerini inceleme ve karşılaştırma amacı ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya tenis eğitimi alan 40 öğrenci ile bu eğitimi almayan 40 öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 80 öğrenci gönüllü olarak katılmıştır.  Araştırma deneme modelinde tasarlanmıştır. Çalışmada, Hepner ve Peterson (1982) tarafından geliştirilen, Türkçe’ye uyarlaması ise Şahin, Şahin ve Heppner (1993) tarafından yapılan Problem Çözme Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Deneme grubu haftada 3 gün, günde 2 saat ve toplamda 3 aylık bir tenis eğitimi programına katılırken kontrol grubu herhangi bir düzenli çalışmaya katılmadan normal yaşamlarına devam etmiştir. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde ve hesaplanmış değerlerin bulunmasında SPSS 20.0 istatistik paket program kullanılmıştır. Deneme ve kontrol grupları arasındaki fark ve cinsiyet bağımsız değişkeninin etkisinin incelenmesi için Bağımsız-t testi yapılmıştır. Ön test-son test arasındaki farklılığın tespiti için ise, Bağımlı-t testi yapılmıştır.  Araştırmada, problem çözme becerisi değişkenine göre, deney grubu ön test-son test değerleri arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuş (p<0,05), cinsiyet değişkenine bağlı olarak ön test-son test değerleri arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunamamıştır p>0,05). Sonuç olarak, tenis eğitimi alan öğrencilerde problem çözme becerileri egzersize bağlı olumlu yönde değişiklik gösterdiği düşünülmektedir

The neural correlates of the effect of belief in free will on third-party punishment: An optical brain imaging (fNIRS) study

Third party punishment (TPP), or altruistic punishment, is specifically human prosocial behavior. TPP denotes the administration of a sanction to a transgressor by an individual that is not affected by the transgression. In some evolutionary accounts, TPP is considered crucial for the stability of cooperation and solidarity in larger groups formed by genetically unrelated individuals. Belief in free will (BFW), on the other hand, is the idea that humans have control over their behavior. BFW is a human universal notion that, in some studies, has been found to be supportive of prosocial behavior. In our study, we examined the effect of BFW on TPP under high and low affect scenarios through optical brain imaging (fNIRS). We hypothesized that in low affect cases, there would be a positive correlation between the strength of the BFW and the severity of the punishment inflicted. Obtained results and related statistical analyses indicate that participants with higher degree of BFW have more neural activation in their right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (hbo and hbt measures) in high affect scenarios, whereas the participants with lower degree of BFW have higher levels of neural activation in the medial PFC (hbo and hbt measures) in low affect scenarios. These empirical findings are in line with the research findings in the relevant academic literature and support the hypothesis that the degree of BFW influences punishment decisions.Temmu

Evaluation of the Seizure Frequency and Severity in Patients with Epilepsy Who Had COVID-19

Objectives:Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes various neurological manifestations such as seizure and alteration of consciousness. The effect of COVID-19 on epilepsy is limited. For this reason, it was aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on seizure frequency and severity of patients with epilepsy and the effect of COVID-19 treatment on seizures.Methods:Patients followed by the epilepsy outpatient unit were evaluated for COVID-19 between April 2020 and April 2021 and the patients who had COVID-19 were undertaken to the study. The age, gender, epilepsy type, duration of epilepsy, seizures in the past year, comorbidity disease, the date of COVID-19, COVID-19 treatment, inpatient care, need of intensive care, seizures in the meantime, treatment of antiepileptic drugs (AED), and seizure frequency and severity after COVID-19 were evaluated retrospectively.Results:A total of 141 patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 were recruited for the study. When evaluating the factors which affect seizure occurrence risk during COVID-19, it was found that COVID-19 treatment protocol did not affect, but the existence of seizure in the past year increased 4.002 times, need for inpatient care increased 12.481 times, and number of AED increased 1.974 times seizure risk. It was found that having seizure during COVID-19 increased after COVID-19 seizure frequency and severity.Conclusion:As a result, the data of the study showed that the factors which affect having seizure during COVID-19 were inpatient care, the number of AED, and existence of seizure in the past year. The studies which included larger patients and longer follow-up time data are needed to evaluate the longer effect of COVID-19 on epilepsy