Automatic detection of airborne pollen: an overview

Pollen monitoring has traditionally been carried out using manual methods frst developed in the early 1950s. Although this technique has been recently standardised, it sufers from several drawbacks, notably data usually only being available with a delay of 3–9 days and usually delivered at a daily resolution. Several automatic instruments have come on to the market over the past few years, with more new devices also under development. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of all available and developing automatic instruments, how they measure, how they identify airborne pollen, what impacts measurement quality, as well as what potential there is for further advancement in the feld of bioaerosol monitoring.</p

Microleakage of Glass Ionomer based Restorative Materials in Primary Teeth: An In vitro Study

Aim: Using AutoCAD, we examined the microleakage of dye at the edges of primary‑teeth restorations using three glass ionomer‑based restorative materials. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 extracted noncarious primary molars were used. Class V cavities were adjusted on the buccal surfaces. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 10 teeth each as follows: Group A (Ketac Molar), Group B (Photac Fil), and Group C (Dyract XP). All specimens were stored for 24 h at 37°C in distilled water. The teeth were thermocycled 1000 times between 5°C ± 2°C and 55°C ± 2°C before immersion in 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 h. Two mesiodistal cuts of each tooth were photographed under a stereomicroscope equipped with a digital camera. The dye‑infiltrated surface area was measured. Statistical evaluations were performed by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Levene test, one‑way analysis of variance, and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test. Results: The mean microleakage ratio differed significantly among the groups (P &lt; 0.05). Group C exhibited a significantly smaller area (P &lt; 0.001) than the other groups. Group A had a nonsignificantly higher mean microleakage value than Group B (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Polyacid‑modified composite resin may be a useful restorative material in primary teeth in terms of minimizing microleakage.Keywords: Glass ionomer‑based restorative materials, microleakage, primary teet

Leakage testing for different adhesive systems and composites to permanent teeth

Aim: To explore the microleakage of different adhesive systems and flowable composites to permanent teeth.Subjects and Methods: In this study, a total of 84 human premolar teeth were used. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces. The teeth were randomly assigned to six groups of 14 teeth each as follows: The first group – etch‑rinse adhesive applied and cavities filled with flowable composite, the second group – etch‑rinse adhesive applied and cavities filled with bulk‑fill resin composite, the third group – one‑stage self‑etch (SE) adhesive applied and cavities filled with flowable composite, the fourth group – one‑stage SE adhesive applied and cavities filled with bulk‑fill resin composite, the fifth group – two‑stage SE adhesive applied and cavities filled with flowable composite, and the sixth group – two‑stage SE adhesive applied and cavities filled with bulk‑fill resin composite. All specimens were then stored for 24 h at 37°C in distilled water. Teeth were then thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5°C and 55°C prior to immersion in 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 h. Two mesiodistal cuts of each tooth were photographed for leakage with a digital camera. The dye infiltrated surface for each specimen was measured and data were collected with a software program. Statistical evaluations were done by nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U‑test.Results: There were statistically significant differences in mean microleakage ratio among the groups (P &lt; 0.05). The first group had shown significantly increased microleakage areas than the other four groups (third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups) (P &lt; 0.05), except for the second group (P &gt; 0.05). It was also no significant different between the mean microleakage areas of group fourth and group fifth (P &gt; 0.05). The sixth group had exhibited the lowest microleakage areas, and it was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) compared to the other groups.Conclusion: In this study, it has been found that the use of total etch adhesive systems resulted in high leakage values.Keywords: Adhesives, composite, evaluation, leakag

Antibiotic treatment outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia

Background/aim: The optimal empiric antibiotic regimen for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical cure rate, mortality, and length of stay among patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia in nonintensive care unit (ICU) wards and treated with a β-lactam, β-lactam and macrolide combination, or a fluoroquinolone. Materials and methods: This prospective cohort study was performed using standardized web-based database sheets from January 2009 to September 2013 in nine tertiary care hospitals in Turkey. Results: Six hundred and twenty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. A pathogen was identified in 78 (12.6%) patients. The most frequently isolated bacteria were S. pneumoniae (21.8%) and P. aeruginosa (19.2%). The clinical cure rate and length of stay were not different among patients treated with β-lactam, β-lactam and macrolide combination, and fluoroquinolone. Forty-seven patients (9.2%) died during the hospitalization period. There was no difference in survival among the three treatment groups. Conclusion: In patients admitted to non-ICU hospital wards for CAP, there was no difference in clinical outcomes between β-lactam, β-lactam and macrolide combination, and fluoroquinolone regimens. © TÜBİTAK