CHANGE CYNICISM SCALE: DEVELOPMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measure of change cynicism. In the development of the scale, literature regarding cynicism was examined and item pool was composed. For the content validation of the scale, draft of change cynicism scale was given to five experts. Having received feedback from the experts, the scale was ready for the plot practice with a sample group of 206 teachers and administrators in total. Following that, exploratory factor analysis was practised for construct validity and reliability analysis was conducted. Lastly, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the three-factor structure of the change cynicism with a different sample consisting of 434 teachers and 119 administrators. Change Cynicism Scale consisting of 17 items, each rated on five-point likert type scale was developed. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the total scale was calculated as .94; and .90, .93, .84 for the sub-dimensions respectively. Total variance explained by change cynicism was 69%. All factor loadings were upper than 44. This showed that the scale was valid and reliable. The three-factor structure of scale was confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis. The model fit indices yielded a good fit to the three-factor structured model.   Article visualizations

Comparision of clinical and electrophysiological staging in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Amaçlar: Karpal tünel sendromu teshis edilen hastalarda klinik ve elektrofizyolojik evrelemeler arasındaki iliskinin arastırılmasıdır. Gereç ve yöntemler: Karpal tünel sendromu saptanan 127 el (90 hasta) incelendi. Hastalar klinik olarak ve elektrofizyolojik olarak evrelendi. Her iki evreleme arasındaki iliski incelendi. Karpal tünel sendromu tanısı, medyan sinir trasesindeki, parestezi, agrı, medyan sinir innervasyonlu alanlarda duyu kaybı, medyan sinir innervasyonlu kaslarda motor güçsüzlük ve atrofi olması, Phalen testi veTinel testi pozitifligi ile konuldu. Bulgular: Hastaların klinik evrelemesi ile elektrofizyolojik evrelemesi arasında anlamlı bir iliski saptandı (p=0.000). Hastaların klinik evreleri arttıkça elektrofizyolojik olarak da agır derecelerde karpal tünel sendromu ile uyumlu bulgular elde edilmekteydi. Sonuç: Pratikte klinik ve elektrofizyolojik olarak uyumsuz vakalara rastlansa da hastaların medyan sinir kompresyonunun derecesi klinik muayeneler ile tahmin edilebilir düsüncesindeyiz.Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the clinical and electrophysiological stages in patients diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome. Material and methods: One hundered twentyeight hands (90 patients) with carpal tunnel syndrome were investigated. Patients were staged clinically and electrophysiologically. The relationship between these stages was investigated. Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome was made according to the presence of paresthesia, pain in the innervation area of the median nerve, weakness and atrophy in the median nerve innervated muscles, positive Phalen and Tinnel tests. Results: A significant correlation was found between clinical and electrophysiological staging of patients. The electrophysiological findings were more severe as the clinical stage progressed. Conclusions: We suggest that although there may sometimes be a discordance between clinical and electrophysiological stages in clinical practice, the severity of the compression of the median nerve can usually be estimated by clinical examination

“Alter Ego+ A1 ve A2” Fransızca Ders Materyallerinin Kültürel Açıdan Değerlendirmesi

Culturally Evaluation of&nbsp;“Alter Ego+ A1 and A2” French Course Materials</p