Determination of thermal properties of ternary Al-La-Ni cast alloy

In current work, thermal conductivity, enthalpy of fusion, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity of the Al-8.8La-1.2Ni cast alloy has been investigated. Chemical element analysis of the studied alloy was determined with X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF) and SEM microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Thermal conductivity of ascast Al-8.8La-1.2Ni alloy was measured using comparison cut bar method in the temperature range of 308–773 K. Thermal conductivity values decreased gradually in the studied alloy with the increase of temperature. The thermal temperature coefficient was calculated from the thermal conductivity-temperature graph. The heat flow-temperature curve was obtained by performing Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Enthalpy of fusion and specific heat values were also determined. Thermal diffusivity values were calculated as a function of temperature using the relevant equation. It was determined that the thermal diffusivity values increased with increasing temperature

The Internationalization of Sources of Labor Law

This article examines in depth an important but underappreciated development in international labor law: how norms promulgated by the International Labor Organization (ILO) have affected the development and implementation of domestic labor laws and practices since the early 1990s. The newly globalized focus of labor law—energized by substantial expansions in international trade and investment—has been recognized by scholars, practitioners, and governments, but it has not previously been explored and analyzed in this systematic way. The article focuses on two central regulatory areas—child labor and freedom of association—and relies on doctrinal and policy developments in these areas, as evidenced by the actions of legislatures, courts, and executive branches in more than 20 countries. In doing so, the article addresses how international labor standards have influenced national labor law and practice in the Americas (excluding the U.S.)—directly through the soft-law route of convention ratification and ILO supervisory monitoring, and indirectly through trade agreement labor provisions that incorporate ILO norms. The resultant changes in domestic laws and practices have been evolutionary rather than transformative, and developments in law outpace those in practice, but within these parameters the changes have been substantial. The article then places this internationalizing trend in the context of two recognized theories that seek to explain the socialization of human rights law

Determination of the thermal properties of ternary Al-La-Ni cast alloy

493-501In current work, thermal conductivity, enthalpy of fusion, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity of the Al-8.8La-1.2Ni cast alloy has been investigated. Chemical element analysis of the studied alloy was determined with X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF) and SEM microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Thermal conductivity of ascast Al-8.8La-1.2Ni alloy was measured using comparison cut bar method in the temperature range of 308–773 K. Thermal conductivityvalues decreased gradually in the studied alloy with the increase of temperature. The thermal temperature coefficient was calculated from the thermal conductivity-temperature graph. The heat flow-temperature curve was obtained by performing Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Enthalpy of fusion and specific heat values were also determined. Thermal diffusivity values were calculated as a function of temperature using the relevant equation. It was determined that the thermal diffusivity values increased with increasing temperature

Effect of growth rates and temperature gradients on the lamellar spacing and the undercooling in the directionally solidified Pb-Cd eutectic alloy

Lead-cadmium of high (99.99%) purity eutectic alloy was melted in a graphite crucible under vacuum atmosphere. These regular eutectic alloys were directionally solidified upward with a constant growth rate of 8.3 mum/s, and different temperature gradients G (similar to1.6-6.4 K/mm range), and also with a constant temperature gradient (similar to6.4 K/mm) and different growth rates V (8.3-165.5 mum/s range) in the Bridgman-type directional solidification furnace. The lamellar spacings lambda were measured from both transverse section and longitudinal section of the specimen. The variations of lambda with respect to G and V were determined by using linear regression analysis. The dependence of lambda on DeltaT(e) (the extremum undercooling) was also analysed. The variation of DeltaT(e) with Vat constant G and with G at constant V were investigated. According to these results, it has been found that lambda decreases with the increasing values of G and V Also DeltaT(e) increases with increasing V for a constant G and with the increasing G for a given V, respectively. The results obtained in this work have been compared with the Jackson-Hunt eutectic theory and the previous experimental results. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Lead–cadmium of high (99.99%) purity eutectic alloy was melted in a graphite crucible under vacuumatmosphere. These regular eutectic alloys were directionally solidified upward with a constant growth rate of8.3 mm/s, and different temperature gradients G (1.6–6.4 K/mm range), and also with a constant temperaturegradient (6.4 K/mm) and different growth rates V (8.3–165.5 mm/s range) in the Bridgman-type directional solidification furnace. The lamellar spacings l were measured from both transverse section and longitudinal section of the specimen. The variations of l with respect to G and V were determined by using linear regression analysis. The dependence of l on DTe (the extremum undercooling) was also analysed. The variation of DTe withV at constant G and with G at constant V were investigated. According to these results, it has been found that l decreases with the increasing values of G and V. Also DTe increases with increasing V for a constant G and with the increasing G for a given V, respectively. The results obtained in this work have been compared with the Jackson–Hunt eutectic theory and the previous experimental results