Positive, Neutral, Negative Evaluation in Connotation

The article focuses on evaluation-type connotation, expressed by a theoretically triple opposition (positive neutral negative, as in plump+, stout neut, obese -) which is more often represented by only two members (as in dismiss neut fire -), though even cases with no opposition can be spoken about (e.g., bald -). Though to speak about connotative opposition we basically need denotative synonyms (like high-flown +?? “pompous†-), words like “warm†+ and “cold†(especially in metaphoric meanings) may be viewed as both denotative and connotative antonyms. As evaluation depends on taste, it is subjective (depending on historic period, personality of the speaker, situational and linguistic context) and therefore difficult to study or teach. This situation, anyway, should not prevent researchers and language teachers from its careful treatment as ignorance of connotation on the language users' part may cause serious problems in communication

Simple Relations between Elements of the Three-Dimensional Orthogonal Matrix of the Basic Representation and Euler and RPY’ Angles

In this Article transformation angles of the methods of RPY (Roll, Pitch and Yaw) and Euler are found using Spinor method [Milnikov A.A., Prangishvili A.I., Rodonaia I.D. (2005) ], which The method is based on the principally new approach-spinor representation of the spatial generalized rotations. And provides easy, reliable and efficient way of solution of inverse kinematics problem of multijoints spherical manipulators.RPY’ angles, Euler’s angles, spinors, rotations, and kinematics inverse problem,

Ricardian or Spender Consumers? Evidence from a Taxpayer Survey Questionnaire

This paper uses a unique survey questionnaire to assess the impact of the 2002 French tax cut on consumption. I find that the proportion of "spender" consumers as opposed to "Ricardian" consumers is relatively high, with 52.7 per cent of the households declaring that they consume their tax cuts. I also find evidence that the average marginal propensity to consume tax cuts (76.5%) is significantly greater than the average marginal propensity to consume temporary rises in earnings (42.4%). This result is consistent with the PIH. Furthermore, the smaller the tax cut, the greater this gap; and the higher the family earnings, the higher the marginal propensity to consume tax cuts, which invalidates the effect of liquidity constraints on consumption in that context.income tax cut; consumption; survey questionnaire; PIH; liquidity constraints

A Spinor Method of Solution of Manipulators’ Inverse Kinematics Problem with Rotational Pairs

A new method and algorithm of solution of multijoint manipulators with rotational pairs inverse kinematic problem was created. The method is based on the principally new approach-spinor representation of the spatial generalized rotations. One of the advantages of the method is that it allows elaborating formulation of technological tasks for manipulators in terms of Cartesian coordinates instead of traditional angles’ terms. Besides the method allows using only one (absolute) coordinate system and does not require a set of different (relative) coordinate systems. It provides easy, reliable and efficient way of solution of inverse kinematics problem of multijoints manipulators with rotational pairs.spinors, rotations, Euler’s angles, basic representations, kinematics inverse problem, orthogonal transformations

Option-Pricing in Incomplete Markets: The Hedging Portfolio plus a Risk Premium-Based Recursive Approach

Consider a non-spanned security C_{T} in an incomplete market. We study the risk/return trade-offs generated if this security is sold for an arbitrage-free price C₀ and then hedged. We consider recursive "one-period optimal" self-financing hedging strategies, a simple but tractable criterion. For continuous trading, diffusion processes, the one-period minimum variance portfolio is optimal. Let C₀(0) be its price. Self-financing implies that the residual risk is equal to the sum of the one-period orthogonal hedging errors, ∑_{t≤T}Y_{t}(0)e^{r(T-t)}. To compensate the residual risk, a risk premium y_{t}Δt is associated with every Y_{t}. Now let C₀(y) be the price of the hedging portfolio, and ∑_{t≤T}(Y_{t}(y)+y_{t}Δt)e^{r(T-t)} is the total residual risk. Although not the same, the one-period hedging errors Y_{t}(0) and Y_{t}(y) are orthogonal to the trading assets, and are perfectly correlated. This implies that the spanned option payoff does not depend on y. Let C₀=C₀(y). A main result follows. Any arbitrage-free price, C₀, is just the price of a hedging portfolio (such as in a complete market), C₀(0), plus a premium, C₀-C₀(0). That is, C₀(0) is the price of the option's payoff which can be spanned, and C₀-C₀(0) is the premium associated with the option's payoff which cannot be spanned (and yields a contingent risk premium of ∑y_{t}Δte^{r(T-t)} at maturity). We study other applications of option-pricing theory as wellOption Pricing; Incomplete Markets

Pauli Matrices and the Theory of Representations of the Group of Rotations

It is shown that Pauli Matrixes can be derived from irreducible rotation group representations of the weight =1/2, which in turn based on the system of infinitesimal (elementary) spatial rotations. The last permits to substantiate why Pauli matrixes can be so sufficiently used for modeling of physical rotations.Pauli matrices, Group rotations, spinor transformation, group of rotation

R&D-Persistency, Metropolitan Externalities and Productivity

Firms display persistent differences as regards both internal and external characteristics, and these differences correspond to asymmetries in the performance of firms with regard to productivity level and growth as well as innovativeness. This paper focuses on one internal characteristic and one external factor by distinguishing between firms with persistent R&D efforts and other firms and firms located in a metropolitan region versus firms with other locations. Applying Swedish data on individual firms and their location, the paper shows that firms that follow a strategy with persistent R&D efforts have a distinctly higher level of productivity across all types of location. In addition, the productivity level of firms with persistent R&D is augmented in a significant way when such firms have a metropolitan location and, in particular, a location in a metropolitan city

Politeness of Discourse and Vocabulary Teaching

The article is a review of the few existing publications dealing with problem of politeness of discourse in the process of vocabulary teaching. While communicatively teaching vocabulary, we should keep in mind that the goal is not just memorization by learners of lists of words, their semantics, combinability, etc. and successful performance of some exercises, but first of all it is the formation of learner’s ability to communicate in the target language (to apply the acquired vocabulary as efficiently as possible). From this point of view some issues of politeness of discourse are more crucial than the correct pronunciation of the word or some other aspect of linguistic correctness. Not only stylistic appropriateness makes our utterances polite, but also tact. Though “tact†is definitely not a linguistic category, it has to be taught in vocabulary classes. Minorities (taking into consideration their gender, age, race, nationality, physical defects, etc.), for example, should be labeled very carefully. What kind of utterance is considered to be polite / rude depends on the degree of formality / informality of the situation (the so-called “insider†or “outsider†talk). Language learners should also be aware that irony and sarcasm can turn any polite word into an impolite one. Language learners need both information about unpleasant words and strategies that will permit them to be not only linguistically, but also “politically†correct. Some of such strategies and ways to form them are discussed in the article.politeness of discourse, unpleasant words, slang, curse words, taboo words, irony, dropping the negative, strategies of political correctness.

Understanding Changes in Consumer Payment Habits - Do Mobile Payments Attract Consumers?

Mobile payment services have, thus far, failed to entice consumers. An apparent conclusion is that these services have failed to meet consumers\u27 payment needs. Deeper understanding of consumer adoption motivations is thus needed to be able to develop and launch mobile payment services successfully. For more than a decade researchers have tried to uncover the generic determinants of technology adoption common to most if not all technologies. Even when armed with this knowledge mobile payment services have fallen short of gaining customer bases large enough to sustain them. This suggests that the current academic knowledge is either ignored by practitioners or that the knowledge of consumer adoption is far from clear. Our paper seeks to find out if the generic technology adoption models are sufficient to explain factors consumers consider when they decide whether or not to adopt mobile payment services. In particular, we develop two models in the payment context. One of them models the determinants of the mobile payments services adoption while the other models the determinants of electronic invoicing adoption. The comparison of the model structures suggests that perceived ease of use seems to be the least common denominator for consumer adoption of these information technology based services while the context of technology adoption determines both the non-differentiating and the differentiating determinants of technology adoption

Purchasing power parıty with multiple structural breaks: evidence from Turkey

This paper aims to test the validity of the purchasing power parity hypothesis by analyzing the stochastic behavior of Turkey`s real exchange rate for the period 1990–2006. For this purpose, the minimum LM unit root test with two structural breaks is applied to real exchange rate data, which consists of monthly series of CPI-based real exchange rate index. The test results indicate that real exchange rate is trend-stationary. Following Papell and Prodan (2006), the trend-stationary real exchange rate can be interpreted as evidence that supports the validity of the Trend Qualified PPP (TQPPP) for Turkey. This result also suggests that shocks do not have any permanent effect on the real exchange rate in Turkey.Exchange rate