Desarrollo de una escala para medir las áreas sensible, racional y moral en estudiantes universitarios

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de la Escala Tridimensional de la Toma de Decisiones en la Vida Cotidiana (ETDVC) para medir las características conductuales en tres áreas: sensible, racional y moral. La muestra estuvo conformada por 646 estudiantes de las carreras de Filosofía, Teología, Ciencias y Artes Plásticas en universidades de la Ciudad de México, de los cuales 261 son mujeres y 385 hombres, la edad promedio fue de 22,5 años. El instrumento final está conformado por 69 reactivos. La ETDVC presenta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para medir las características desde la perspectiva tridimensional

Presencia de signos neurológicos blandos en niños mazahuas con desnutrición grave y anemia

Short stature is a sign of chronic malnutrition. It occurs in individuals who usually live in poverty, such as the case of rural communities and indigenous people of Mexico (Muñoz & Chávez, 2007). This condition is detrimental for neuropsychological development and is associated with the presence of neurological soft signs. Therefore, the purpose of this cross-sectional field study was to explore whether a group of indigenous Mazahua children with early malnutrition show neurological soft signs. The study was conducted in two rural communities at the Mazahua region in the State of Mexico. The participants were 36 children aged 6 to 10 with severe malnutrition andanemia. They were selected using a non-probabilistic intentional quota sampling. They were assessed with the Neurological Soft Signs Scale (SNB-MX) proposed by Salvador-Cruz et al. (2018). Regardless of the age, the results showed significant associations between malnutrition and left-right identification, attention, executive functions and working memory. This study contributes to understanding the specific impact of early severe malnutrition and anemia in Mazahua indigenous children.La desnutrición crónica se manifiesta con una talla baja en individuos que generalmente viven en ambientes de pobreza: comunidades rurales y los pueblos indígenas de México (Muñoz y Chávez, 2007). Esta condición causa problemas en el desarrollo neuropsicológico asociados a la presencia de signos neurológicos blandos. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este estudio transversal de campo fue explorar si un grupo de niños indígenas mazahuas que padecieron desnutrición en los primeros años de vida presentan signos neurológicos blandos. Se llevó a cabo en la zona mazahua del estado de México en dos localidades rurales. Los participantes fueron 36 niños de 6 a 10 años de edad, que padecieron desnutrición grave y anemia. Fueron seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico, intencional, por cuotas. Se aplicó la Escala para Evaluar Signos Neurológicos Blandos (SNB-MX) de Salvador-Cruz et al. (2018). Encontramos asociaciones significativas, independientemente de la edad, entre desnutrición y distinción derecha-izquierda, atención, funciones ejecutivas y memoria de trabajo. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de aspectos específicos del impacto de la desnutrición grave y la anemia en los primeros años de vida en niños indígenas mazahuas

Phenolic Compounds in Organic and Aqueous Extracts from Acacia farnesiana Pods Analyzed by ULPS-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Response in CD-1 Mice

Abstract: Background: Acaciafarnesiana (AF) pods have been traditionally used to treat dyspepsia, diarrhea and topically for dermal inflammation. Main objectives: (1) investigate the antioxidant activity and protection against oxidative-induced damage of six extracts from AF pods and (2) their capacitytocurbtheinflammationprocessaswellastodown-regulatethepro-inflammatorymediators. Methods: Five organic extracts (chloroformic, hexanic, ketonic, methanolic, methanolic:aqueous and one aqueous extract) were obtained and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. Antioxidant activity (DPPH•, ORAC and FRAP assays) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay) were performed. Assessmentofanti-inflammatorypropertieswasmadebytheearedemainducedmodelinCD-1mice andMPOactivityassay. Likewise,histologicalanalysis,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10,TNF-α,COXmeasurements plus nitrite and immunohistochemistry analysis were carried out. Results: Methyl gallate, gallic acid,galloyl glucose isomer 1, galloyl glucose isomer 2, galloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 1, digalloyl glucose isomer 2, digalloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 4, hydroxytyrosol acetate, quinic acid, and caffeoylmalic acid were identified. Both organic and aqueous extracts displayed antioxidant activity. All extracts exhibited a positive effect on the interleukins, COX and immunohistochemistry assays. Conclusion: All AF pod extracts can be effective as antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory agents. Keywords: Acacia farnesiana pods; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; bioactive compounds; polyphenol

Neurodesarrollo y estimulación oportuna en niños de madres indígenas migrantes y no migrantes en Chihuahua, México

This study aimed to compare the general and health care characteristics of young children of migrant and non-migrant mothers from indigenous Tarahumara communities in Chihuahua, Mexico, and to evaluate the association between child risk for neurodevelopment delay with parental practices of early childhood stimulation. Male and female children aged 12 to 48 months were studied in two groups: 1) children of migrant mothers residing in urban settlements and 2) children of non-migrant mothers residing in their native rural localities. Prevalence of the risk of moderate to severe neurodevelopment delay (MSND) was greater in children of migrant mothers as compared to non-migrant mothers (75.6%, CI95% [69.5, 80.8] vs. 59.8%, [51.4, 67.7], p = .003). The proportion of children who received adequate and favorable early stimulation (FTES) at home was greater in children of non-migrant mothers (p < .001). The migration of indigenous mothers to urban settlements was associated with child MSND (p = .03), as well as to insufficient early stimulation practices (p = .03). Consistent attendance at early childhood stimulation sessions through the Initial Education program was greater in children of non-migrant mothers (p = .01), and non-attendance predicted child MSND (p = .02).El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar características generales y de atención en salud entre menores y sus madres migrantes y no migrantes en indígenas Tarahumaras, en Chihuahua, México. Así mismo, se evaluó la asociación entre el riesgo de retraso en neurodesarrollo en niños y las prácticas de estimulación oportuna. Niños y niñas de entre 12 a 48 meses de edad fueron estudiados en dos grupos: 1) menores de madres migrantes ubicados en asentamientos urbanos en la ciudad de Chihuahua y 2) menores de madres no migrantes residentes en sus localidades de origen. La prevalencia de riesgo de retraso del neurodesarrollo moderado y grave (RNMG) fue mayor en menores de madres migrantes versus no migrantes (75.6%, IC95% [69.5, 80.8] vs 59.8%, [51.4, 67.7], p = .003). La proporción de niños(as) que recibieron una estimulación oportuna favorable (EOF) en casa fue mayor en los menores de madres no migrantes (p < .001). La migración de las madres indígenas hacia asentamientos urbanos estuvo asociada al RNMG en sus hijos(as) (p = .03), así como las prácticas insuficientes de estimulación oportuna (p = .03). La asistencia consistente a sesiones de estimulación temprana del programa de Educación Inicial fue mayor en niños(as) de madres no migrantes (p = .01); y la no asistencia fue predictor del RNMG (p = .02)

Neurodevelopment and timely early stimulation in children of indig-enous migrant and non-migrant mothers in Chihuahua, Mexico.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar características genera-les y de atención en salud entre menores y sus madres migrantes y no mi-grantes en indígenas Tarahumaras, en Chihuahua, México. Así mismo, se evaluó la asociación entre el riesgo de retraso en neurodesarrollo en niños y las prácticas de estimulación oportuna. Niños y niñas de entre 12 y 48 me-ses de edad fueron estudiados en dos grupos: 1) menores de madres mi-grantes ubicados en asentamientos urbanos en la ciudad de Chihuahua y 2) menores de madres no migrantes residentes en sus localidades de origen. La prevalencia de riesgo de retraso del neurodesarrollo moderado y grave (RNMG) fue mayor en menores de madres migrantes versus no migrantes (75.6%, IC95% [69.5, 80.8] vs 59.8%, [51.4, 67.7], p = .003). La proporción de niños(as) que recibieron una estimulación oportuna favorable (EOF) en casa fue mayor en los menores de madres no migrantes (p < .001). La mi-gración de las madres indígenas hacia asentamientos urbanos estuvo aso-ciada al RNMG en sus hijos(as) (p = .03), así como las prácticas insuficien-tes de estimulación oportuna (p = .03). La asistencia consistente a sesiones de estimulación temprana del programa de Educación Inicial fue mayor en niños(as) de madres no migrantes (p = .01); y la no asistencia fue predictor del RNMG (p = .02).This study aimed to compare the general and health care charac-teristics of young children of migrant and non-migrant mothers from in-digenous Tarahumara communities in Chihuahua, Mexico, and to evaluate the association between child risk for neurodevelopment delay with paren-tal practices of early childhood stimulation. Male and female children aged 12 to 48 months were studied in two groups: 1) children of migrant moth-ers residing in urban settlements and 2) children of non-migrant mothers residing in their native rural localities. Prevalence of the risk of moderate to severe neurodevelopment delay (MSND) was greater in children of mi-grant mothers as compared to non-migrant mothers (75.6%, CI95% [69.5, 80.8] vs. 59.8%, [51.4, 67.7], p = .003). The proportion of children who re-ceived adequate and favorable early stimulation (FTES) at home was great-er in children of non-migrant mothers (p < .001). The migration of indige-nous mothers to urban settlements was associated with child MSND (p = .03), as well as to insufficient early stimulation practices (p = .03). Con-sistent attendance at early childhood stimulation sessions through the Ini-tial Education program was greater in children of non-migrant mothers (p = .01), and non-attendance predicted child MSND (p = .02)

Adquisición alimentaria en la crisis de 2008 y en 2016 en hogares rurales-urbanos de México

En 2008 M&eacute;xico enfrent&oacute; una crisis alimentaria que impact&oacute; la adquisici&oacute;n de comestibles, ocho a&ntilde;os despu&eacute;s se acentu&oacute; la tendencia de los alimentos, que son m&aacute;s energ&eacute;ticos y menos nutritivos, ocasionando problemas en la salud de la poblaci&oacute;n. Objetivo: Identificar la adquisici&oacute;n de alimentos y su equivalente en calor&iacute;as en el 2008 y 2016 en hogares rurales y urbanos del sureste de M&eacute;xico. Material y m&eacute;todos: se realiz&oacute; un estudio de tipo transversal, retrospectivo y comparativo de dos muestras independientes a partir de bases de datos de las Encuestas Nacionales de Ingreso Gasto en Hogares en M&eacute;xico de 2008 y 2016. Se trabaj&oacute; con un total de 5.840 hogares de los cuales, 3.522 fueron urbanos y 2.318 rurales. Las variables consideradas fueron: encuestas, tipos de hogares y adquisici&oacute;n de alimentos equivalentes en calor&iacute;as. Para el an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico se utiliz&oacute; la prueba param&eacute;trica t de Student para muestras independientes, medias, desviaci&oacute;n est&aacute;ndar y homogeneidad de varianzas, se tom&oacute; como significativo una p &lt; ,05 Resultados: los alimentos de mayor adquisici&oacute;n cal&oacute;rica en ambos a&ntilde;os y hogares fueron, cereales y productos de origen animal y los menos, verduras y frutas (p &lt; ,001). Los hogares rurales, incrementaron significativamente (p &lt; ,001) los cereales para el 2016, as&iacute; como en los urbanos, disminuy&oacute; en aceites y carnes procesadas (p &lt; ,001). Conclusi&oacute;n: despu&eacute;s de la crisis alimentaria del 2008 se observaron cambios alimentarios en hogares rurales, atribuy&eacute;ndosele m&aacute;s a la transici&oacute;n alimentaria que a la crisis, las familias adquirieron nuevos h&aacute;bitos alimentarios.In 2008 M&eacute;xico faced a food crisis that impacted the acquisition of groceries, eight years later the trend of foods, which are more energetic and less nutritious, was accentuated, causing problems in the health of the population. Objective: Identify food acquisition and its calorie equivalent in 2008 and 2016 in rural and urban households in southeastern M&eacute;xico. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective and comparative study of two independent samples was conducted from databases of the National Household Spending and Income Surveys in Mexico in 2008 and 2016. A total of 5,840 households were worked on, of which 3,522 were urban and 2,318 rural. The variables considered were: surveys, types of households and acquisition of calorie-equivalent foods. For statistical analysis, Student's t parametric test was used for independent samples, mean, standard deviation and variance homogeneity, a p &lt; ,05 was taken as significant. Results: The foods with the highest caloric acquisition in both years and households were cereals and products of animal origin and the least vegetables and fruits (p &lt; ,001). Rural households significantly increased cereals for 2016 (p &lt; ,001), as well as in urban households, decreased in oils and processed meats (p&lt; ,001). Conclusion: After the 2008 food crisis, dietary changes were observed in rural households, with more attributed to the food transition than to the crisis, families acquired new eating habits

Mortalidad por COVID-19 en México y las enfermedades metabólicas durante el año crítico de la pandemia

Conocer la asociaci&oacute;n espec&iacute;fica de las enfermedades metab&oacute;licas en la mortalidad por COVID-19, ocurrida en M&eacute;xico durante el a&ntilde;o cr&iacute;tico de la pandemia de marzo 2020 a marzo 2021. M&eacute;todo. Se utiliz&oacute; la base nacional de COVID-19 de la Direcci&oacute;n General de Epidemiolog&iacute;a. Se analizaron los casos positivos que presentaron las enfermedades metab&oacute;licas: cardiovasculares, hipertensi&oacute;n, diabetes y obesidad. Se realiz&oacute; un an&aacute;lisis descriptivo para conocer la distribuci&oacute;n de los casos fallecidos y no fallecidos. Se emple&oacute; la prueba de ji cuadrada para la diferencia de las proporciones. Se utilizaron an&aacute;lisis de regresi&oacute;n log&iacute;stica para conocer la asociaci&oacute;n entre las enfermedades metab&oacute;licas y la mortalidad por COVID-19 en personas positivas al virus SARS-CoV-2. Los datos fueron ajustados por edad y sexo. Resultados. Se observ&oacute; la asociaci&oacute;n de las enfermedades metab&oacute;licas en la mortalidad. La diabetes tuvo mayor porcentaje de letalidad 18,4%. Cuando se conjuntaron las enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes el porcentaje de letalidad subi&oacute; a 31,5%; la conjunci&oacute;n de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, con hipertensi&oacute;n y diabetes fue la de mayor porcentaje de letalidad 38,7%. La obesidad fue la que tuvo menor incidencia. Conclusiones. Las enfermedades metab&oacute;licas en M&eacute;xico son un problema de salud p&uacute;blica que afect&oacute; la mortalidad por covid-19. Es prioritario atender con pol&iacute;ticas p&uacute;blicas preventivas y efectivas en favor de un modelo de consumo alimentario sano, acorde con las necesidades nutrimentales de la poblaci&oacute;n.To know the specific association of metabolic disease on COVID-19 mortality, occurred during the critical year of the pandemic, from march 2020 to march 2021. Method: The Covid-19 national base of the General Directorate of Epidemiology was used. Positive cases of metabolic diseases were analyzed: cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. A descriptive analysis was carried out to find out the distribution of deceased and non-deceased cases. The chi-square test was used for the difference in proportions. Logistic regression analysis was used to understand the association between metabolic diseases and COVID 19 mortality in people who tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The data were adjusted for age and gender. Results: The association of metabolic diseases on mortality was observed. Diabetes had a higher percentage of lethality 18,4%. When cardiovascular disease and diabetes were combined, the fatality rate rose to 31,5%; the combination of cardiovascular diseases, with hypertension and diabetes was the highest percentage of lethality 38,7%. Obesity had the least incidence. Conclusions: Metabolic diseases in M&eacute;xico are a public health problem that affected COVID-19 mortality. It is a priority to deal with preventive and effective public policies in favor of a healthy food consumption model, in line with the nutritional needs of the population

Phenolic Compounds in Organic and Aqueous Extracts from Acacia farnesiana Pods Analyzed by ULPS-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Response in CD-1 Mice

Background: Acacia farnesiana (AF) pods have been traditionally used to treat dyspepsia, diarrhea and topically for dermal inflammation. Main objectives: (1) investigate the antioxidant activity and protection against oxidative-induced damage of six extracts from AF pods and (2) their capacity to curb the inflammation process as well as to down-regulate the pro-inflammatory mediators. Methods: Five organic extracts (chloroformic, hexanic, ketonic, methanolic, methanolic:aqueous and one aqueous extract) were obtained and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. Antioxidant activity (DPPH&bull;, ORAC and FRAP assays) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay) were performed. Assessment of anti-inflammatory properties was made by the ear edema induced model in CD-1 mice and MPO activity assay. Likewise, histological analysis, IL-1&beta;, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-&alpha;, COX measurements plus nitrite and immunohistochemistry analysis were carried out. Results: Methyl gallate, gallic acid, galloyl glucose isomer 1, galloyl glucose isomer 2, galloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 1, digalloyl glucose isomer 2, digalloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 4, hydroxytyrosol acetate, quinic acid, and caffeoylmalic acid were identified. Both organic and aqueous extracts displayed antioxidant activity. All extracts exhibited a positive effect on the interleukins, COX and immunohistochemistry assays. Conclusion: All AF pod extracts can be effective as antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory agents