49 research outputs found
The Political Economy of Reducing the United States Dollar’s Role as a Global Reserve Currency
Short-Term Banking and Euro-Currency Credits to Developing Countries (Prêts bancaires à court terme et crédits en euro-monnaies aux pays en voie de développement) (Créditos de corto plazo bancarios y en euromonedas a los paÃses en desarrollo)
This paper reviews the modalities of extending short-term banking and Euro-currency credits to developing countries and analyzes some of the issues related to these types of financing from the point of external debt management policies. Lines of credit are extended in the framework of traditional bank-to-bank correspondent relationships. They are based essentially on evaluation of the "customer risk" and enjoy a high degree of stability, notwithstanding changing economic circumstances in the borrowing country. This type of bank financing does not ordinarily create problems of external debt management except when the normal roll-over process is interrupted because of major developments affecting the economic life of the borrowing country. Since 1971, developing countries have increasingly utilized another type of banking credit denominated in Euro-currencies and taking the form of revolving facilities based on short-term credit instrumentalities. Technical features of typical Euro-currency credits include periodically adjustable interest rates, an option for the borrower to change the currency of the loan, and provisions for prepayment by the borrower and early recall by the lender. Substantial Euro-currency transactions are undertaken by syndicates of banks or by consortia banks with prime attention paid to diversification of risk. Euro-currency borrowing has been attractive because Euro-credits are not tied to exports of any particular country or to access to national capital markets and because of flexibility and simplicity of administration. However, Euro-credits could pose problems for developing countries because of their commercial terms and certain technical features. Use of such credits for domestic expenditure carries balance of payments and exchange risks that are intensified in a regime of fluctuating exchange rates. The provision for interest rate flexibility makes it difficult for the borrower to evaluate the cost of borrowed funds over the lifetime of the credit, given the linkage to highly volatile Euro-currency interest rates; sudden and sharp increases in these rates might have a significant impact on the debt-servicing ability of the borrower. The continuity of Euro-currency flows to developing countries may be affected by a revival of demand by established borrowers, with unforseen consequences on marginal borrowers, among which are most of the developing nations. Quantitative information on the amounts of short-term indebtedness of developing countries is sparse, and this poses a problem of recognition of the amounts and direction of short-term and Euro-currency bank lending to developing countries. Data on traditional short-term credits with a breakdown by recipient countries are published only in the United States. Information on Euro-currency borrowing is available only in the form of announcements published in the specialized press (tombstones). Data from this source, which appear to understate the amounts involved, indicate that gross Euro-currency borrowing by developing countries increased from US3.8 billion in 1972 and the current annual rate may be US1.500 millones en 1971 a 5.000 millones, según las cifras del primer semestre del año.
ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLET FORMULATION OF TRAMADOL IN HORSES: PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE PARENTAL DRUG AND OF N-DESMETHYLTRAMADOL
Synthesis and antiplatelet activity of some 2,7-di(N-cycloamino)-3-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine derivatives
Several 2,7-di(N-cycloamino)-3-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit human platelet aggregation in vitro induced by arachidonic acid, collagen and ADP. Only five compounds showed any appreciable activity, and the results of all the active derivatives were similar to those of papaverine in the test with arachidonic acid and collagen. Moreover, the most active compounds were investigated in the test with ADP and again showed a significant activity. The tested compounds that possessed the best activity were also shown to increase the c-AMP level significantly without involving the adenylyl cyclase system. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved
Valutazione della funzione sessuale femminile in pazienti sottoposte ad intervento chirurgico per prolasso urogenitale.
Agenda for stage two Preparing the monetary platform
Translation of a paper presented at a seminar organized by the Banca d'Italia, Rome (IT), 6-7 Dec 1991Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3113.6946(CEPR-OP--7) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
Somministrazione endovescicale passiva di tossina botulinica A in pazienti affetti da painful bladder syndrome: studio pilota.
Taurine in women with a history of gestational diabetes,
Taurine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body and seems to play an important role in increasing glucose-mediated insulin secretion, as well as in programming β-cell maturation during the prenatal life in utero. To test the hypothesis that plasma taurine is related to glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in subjects with history of β-cell dysfunction such as women with history of gestational diabetes (GDM), we studied 72 non-diabetic women with history of GDM (n = 43), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 7), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 22) as previously classified by a 100 g-3 h-OGTT performed between the 24th and the 28th gestational week. Insulin sensitivity (ISIogtt, calculated through Matsuda–DeFronzo index) and a proxy for insulin secretion (basal plasma C-peptide/fasting plasma glucose; CP/glucose) were measured during and after pregnancy. Plasma taurine was measured after a median period of 6 years (2–11 years) from index pregnancy, when glucose tolerance was retested by a 75 g-2 h-OGTT. Plasma taurine was significantly lower in women who had experienced GDM and was unrelated to ISIogtt. Moreover, plasma taurine was inversely related to previous gestational area-under-curve of glucose and directly related to post-gestational CP/glucose, as well to CP/glucose measured during pregnancy (p < 0.05 for both). The relative risk of altered glucose metabolism during previous pregnancies (IGT + GDM) was higher as plasma taurine decreased, even after adjusting for age, time-lag from pregnancy, body mass index and family history of diabetes (OR: 0.980; CI 95%: 0.963–0.999, p = 0.003). In conclusion plasma taurine seems to be a fair marker of altered glucose metabolism during past pregnancies in women with antecedent GDM and appears to be inversely related to the previous as well as to the actual insulin secretion in these subject