Staining and peeling of the internal limiting membrane using a fluorescent dye (Rhodamine 6 G)

Aim: To assess whether low concentrations of a fluorescent dye such as Rhodamine 6G would help the unaided human eye visualise the vitreous and the internal limiting membrane (ILM) under standard halogen illumination.Material/methods: The UV/Vis absorption (E) and fluorescence (I) spectra of Rhodamine 6G in water were measured and compared with Indocyanine Green (ICG). Surgery was performed in two rhesus monkeys and consisted of standard pars plana vitrectomy with halogen light source used for illumination. Rhodamine 6G was diluted in balanced salt solution (BSS). A few drops of the dye in a concentration of 0.1% (307 mOsm) were applied over the posterior pole in the air-filled globe and washed out by irrigation after 1 min. Immediately after surgery, the globes were enucleated, fixated and prepared for histological evaluation.Results: In contrast to ICG, both the maximum of the absorption and emission of Rhodamin 6G are very much within the spectral sensitivity of the human eye. The Rhodamine 6G--BSS itself appears red in colour. Using a dye concentration of 0.1%, there was no visible red-staining of the ILM as such. As the dye was irrigated out with BSS, a marked green fluorescence of the fluid within the vitreous cavity was noted. With halogen illumination through a standard 20-gauge light pipe, the dye provided a sufficient green fluorescence to identify and safely remove the ILM and to clearly differentiate areas of peeled from non-peeled ILM. During light microscopy, eyes revealed a peeled ILM demarcation with no signs of acute retinal toxicity.Conclusion: The findings indicate that a fluorescent dye can be used for ILM peeling. Assuming that the fluorophore provides a high enough fluorescence quantum yield after adsorption to the ILM, much lower dye concentrations could be used compared with absorbent dyes, thereby minimising toxic effects

From 5G to 6G: Has the Time for Modern Random Access Come?

This short paper proposes the use of modern random access for IoT applications in 6G. A short overview of recent advances in uncoordinated medium access is provided, highlighting the gains that can be achieved by leveraging smart protocol design intertwined with advanced signal processing techniques at the receiver. The authors' vision on the benefits such schemes can yield for beyond-5G systems is presented, with the aim to trigger further discussion.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure, presented at 6G Summit, Levi, Finland, 201