ЦИТОКИНЫ В ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ САЛЬМОНЕЛЛЕЗНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ

The review examines the contemporary knowledge about immune protection mechanisms with Salmonella infection, and Salmonella ability to struggle against these mechanisms. Principal emphasis was made oncytokine system reactions of innate and adaptive immunity, described in experimental and clinical researches.В обзоре представлены современные сведения о механизмах иммунной защиты при сальмонеллезной инфекции, способности сальмонелл противостоять этим механизмам. Основной акцент сделан на реакции системы цитокинов врожденного и приобретенного иммунитета, описанной в экспериментальных и клинических исследованиях

Functional neuroimaging of visual creativity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: The generation of creative visual imagery contributes to technological and scientific innovation, and production of visual art. The underlying cognitive and neural processes are however poorly understood. Methods: This review synthesises functional neuroimaging studies of visual creativity. Seven functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and 19 electroencephalography (EEG) studies were included, comprising 27 experiments and around 800 participants. Results: Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of the fMRI studies comparing visual creativity to non-rest control tasks yielded significant clusters in thalamus, left fusiform gyrus, and right middle and inferior frontal gyri. The EEG studies revealed a tendency for decreased alpha power during visual creativity compared to baseline, but comparisons of visual creativity to non-rest control tasks revealed inconsistent findings. Conclusions: The findings are consistent with suggested contributions to visual creativity of prefrontally-mediated inhibition, evaluation and working memory, as well as visual imagery processes. Findings are discussed in relation to prominent theories of the neural basis of creativity

Interpreting EEG alpha activity

Exploring EEG alpha oscillations has generated considerable interest, in particular with regards to the role they play in cognitive, psychomotor, psycho-emotional and physiological aspects of human life. However, there is no clearly agreed upon definition of what constitutes ‘alpha activity’ or which of the many indices should be used to characterize it. To address these issues this review attempts to delineate EEG alpha-activity, its physical, molecular and morphological nature, and examine the following indices: (1) the individual alpha peak frequency; (2) activation magnitude, as measured by alpha amplitude suppression across the individual alpha bandwidth in response to eyes opening, and (3) alpha “auto-rhythmicity” indices: which include intra-spindle amplitude variability, spindle length and steepness. Throughout, the article offers a number of suggestions regarding the mechanism(s) of alpha activity related to inter and intra-individual variability. In addition, it provides some insights into the various psychophysiological indices of alpha activity and highlights their role in optimal functioning and behavior