New Materials for 3D-Printing Based on Polycaprolactone with Gum Rosin and Beeswax as Additives

[EN] In this work, different materials for three-dimensional (3D)-printing were studied, which based on polycaprolactone with two natural additives, gum rosin, and beeswax. During the 3D-printing process, the bed and extrusion temperatures of each formulation were established. After, the obtained materials were characterized by mechanical, thermal, and structural properties. The results showed that the formulation with containing polycaprolactone with a mixture of gum rosin and beeswax as additive behaved better during the 3D-printing process. Moreover, the miscibility and compatibility between the additives and the matrix were concluded through the thermal assessment. The mechanical characterization established that the addition of the mixture of gum rosin and beeswax provides greater tensile strength than those additives separately, facilitating 3D-printing. In contrast, the addition of beeswax increased the ductility of the material, which makes the 3D-printing processing difficult. Despite the fact that both natural additives had a plasticizing effect, the formulations containing gum rosin showed greater elongation at break. Finally, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy assessment deduced that polycaprolactone interacts with the functional groups of the additives.This research was supported by the Spanish State Agency of Research trough the project MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R and Universidad Politecnica de Valencia-GVA through the project "Development".Pavón-Vargas, CP.; Aldas-Carrasco, MF.; López-Martínez, J.; Ferrándiz Bou, S. (2020). New Materials for 3D-Printing Based on Polycaprolactone with Gum Rosin and Beeswax as Additives. Polymers. 12(2):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020334S120122Zhu, Y., Romain, C., & Williams, C. K. (2016). Sustainable polymers from renewable resources. 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Pine Resin Derivatives as Sustainable Additives to Improve the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Injected Moulded Thermoplastic Starch

[EN] Fully bio-based materials based on thermoplastic starch (TPS) were developed starting from corn starch plasticized with glycerol. The obtained TPS was further blended with five pine resin derivatives: gum rosin (GR), disproportionated gum rosin (dehydroabietic acid, RD), maleic anhydride modified gum rosin (CM), pentaerythritol ester of gum rosin (LF), and glycerol ester of gum rosin (UG). The TPS¿resin blend formulations were processed by melt extrusion and further by injection moulding to simulate the industrial conditions. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal and structural properties. The results showed that all gum rosin-based additives were able to improve the thermal stability of TPS, increasing the degradation onset temperature. The carbonyl groups of gum rosin derivatives were able to interact with the hydroxyl groups of starch and glycerol by means of hydrogen bond interactions producing a significant increase of the glass transition temperature with a consequent stiffening effect, which in turn improve the overall mechanical performance of the TPS-resin injected moulded blends. The developed TPS¿resin blends are of interest for rigid packaging applications.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), project: PROMADEPCOL (MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R) as well as by Santander-UCM (PR87/19-22628) project. M.A. thanks Secretaria Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT-Ecuador) and Escuela Politécnica Nacional. 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Carbohydrate Polymers, 34(4), 275-282. doi:10.1016/s0144-8617(97)00133-1Karlberg, A.-T. (2012). Colophony: Rosin in Unmodified and Modified Form. Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology, 467-479. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02035-3_41Liu, C., Yu, J., Sun, X., Zhang, J., & He, J. (2003). Thermal degradation studies of cyclic olefin copolymers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 81(2), 197-205. doi:10.1016/s0141-3910(03)00089-2Teixeira, E. de M., Pasquini, D., Curvelo, A. A. S., Corradini, E., Belgacem, M. N., & Dufresne, A. (2009). Cassava bagasse cellulose nanofibrils reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78(3), 422-431. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.04.034Sessini, V., Arrieta, M. P., Kenny, J. M., & Peponi, L. (2016). Processing of edible films based on nanoreinforced gelatinized starch. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 132, 157-168. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.026Cerruti, P., Santagata, G., Gomez d’Ayala, G., Ambrogi, V., Carfagna, C., Malinconico, M., & Persico, P. (2011). Effect of a natural polyphenolic extract on the properties of a biodegradable starch-based polymer. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96(5), 839-846. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.02.003Mendes, J. F., Paschoalin, R. ., Carmona, V. B., Sena Neto, A. R., Marques, A. C. P., Marconcini, J. M., … Oliveira, J. E. (2016). Biodegradable polymer blends based on corn starch and thermoplastic chitosan processed by extrusion. Carbohydrate Polymers, 137, 452-458. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.093Kizil, R., Irudayaraj, J., & Seetharaman, K. (2002). Characterization of Irradiated Starches by Using FT-Raman and FTIR Spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(14), 3912-3918. doi:10.1021/jf011652pDang, K. M., & Yoksan, R. (2015). 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Ritchey-Chretien Telescope

A Ritchey-Chretien telescope is described which was designed to respond to images located off the optical axis by using two transparent flat plates positioned in the ray path of the image. The flat plates have a tilt angle relative to the ray path to compensate for astigmatism introduced by the telescope. The tilt angle of the plates is directly proportional to the off axis angle of the image. The plates have opposite inclination angles relative to the ray paths. A detector which is responsive to the optical image as transmitted through the plates is positioned approximately on the sagittal focus of the telescope

Fine guidance for a spaceborne telescope

Two transparent plates are mounted at equal and opposite angles in secondary optical-system housing, angles being set for optimum astigmatism correction. Rotation of secondary housing assembly and translation of detector are proportional to angular position of secondary image. Combined movement of two retains image within sagittal foci of secondary system

Paraquat And Cepa Stimulation Of Oleoresin Production in Lodgepole Pine Central Stump-root System

Lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta Dougl.) between 11.4 and 14.0 cm DBH at 2 locations in western Montana were treated with paraquat or 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) to induce oleoresin soaking. Chemicals were applied by pouring into a hole drilled in the stump/taproot or by pouring a CEPA solution on the soil around the trees. After 15 months, the trees were harvested, divided into two root and four stem sections up to 1.4m above ground, and analyzed for density (g/cc) and for rosin acids, turpentine, and moisture content. No differences in density were found due to CEPA and paraquat treatments.The proportions of rosin acid and turpentine in the wood were always greater in roots than in stems of control trees. Paraquat treatment caused increases in oleoresin in all but the lower root section. Paraquat treatment increased rosin acid content by 70% and turpentine content by 64% on a moisture free basis in the first 30-cm stem section.When CEPA was poured on the ground, the maximum rosin acid and turpentine increases, of 88 and 43% respectively, were found in the top three stem sections, but rosin acid and turpentine contents decreased by up to 38 and 42% respectively, in the lowest root section. When CEPA was introduced directly into the tree, it was apparently transported bidirectionally causing increases in oleoresin in the lowest root section and upper stem sections but decreases in the center sections (first root and stem sections).Operationally, stump (stem up to 1.4 m)/root treatments with paraquat will increase oleoresin in both the root and stem. CEPA treatment by pouring CEPA on the ground would be the simplest treatment, but oleoresin would increase only in the stem. CEPA introduced by bore hole treatment would result in no net increase in oleoresin in the stem alone, root alone or stem plus root combined

Modification of poly (lactic acid) through the incorporation of gum rosin and gum rosin derivative: Mechanical performance and hydrophobicity

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: De La Rosa-Ramírez, Harrison, Miguel Aldas, José Miguel Ferri, Juan López-Martínez, and María Dolores Samper. 2020. "Modification of Poly (Lactic Acid) through the Incorporation of Gum Rosin and Gum Rosin Derivative: Mechanical Performance and Hydrophobicity." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 137 (44). Wiley: 49346. doi:10.1002/app.49346, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49346. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] The modification of PLA by melt compound with gum rosin (GR) and pentaerythritol ester of GR (PEGR) was investigated by studying the mechanical and thermal performance, blends morphology, wettability, and water absorption. Standard testing specimens for characterization were made at a variate resin content of 5, 10, and 15 part per hundred resin (phr) and manufactured by injection molding. It was found that GR and PEGR had a lubricating effect in PLA polymeric chains, resulting in a remarkable increase of 790 and 193% in melt flow index with only 5 phr GR and PEGR contents, respectively. A significant change in more than 10 degrees of increasing water contact angle was observed for PLA with 15 phr PEGR. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that PEGR led to delayed PLA degradation/decomposition process to higher temperature, increasing the onset temperature (T-5%) in more than 7 degrees C for PLA with 15 phr PEGR.This research was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness-PROMADEPCOL Ref: (MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R). Authors also want to acknowledge the postdoc contract offered to José Miguel Ferri by the Generalitat Valenciana, which project title is "BIONANOCOMPOSITES BASADOS EN MEZCLAS DE PLA Y TPS CON MEMORIA" (APOSTD/2019/122) GENERALITAT VALENCIANA (2019-2021).Rosa-Ramírez, HDL.; Aldás-Carrasco, MF.; Ferri, J.; López-Martínez, J.; Samper, M. (2020). Modification of poly (lactic acid) through the incorporation of gum rosin and gum rosin derivative: Mechanical performance and hydrophobicity. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 137(44):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49346S11513744European Bioplastics. Market data about global production capacity of bioplastics on 2019. [Online] https://www.european-bioplastics.org/market/(accessed February 2020).Muthuraj, R., Misra, M., & Mohanty, A. K. (2017). Biodegradable compatibilized polymer blends for packaging applications: A literature review. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(24), 45726. doi:10.1002/app.45726Koller, M., Maršálek, L., de Sousa Dias, M. M., & Braunegg, G. (2017). Producing microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters in a sustainable manner. New Biotechnology, 37, 24-38. doi:10.1016/j.nbt.2016.05.001Siracusa, V., Lotti, N., Munari, A., & Dalla Rosa, M. (2015). 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Applied Clay Science, 162, 487-498. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2018.06.042Garcia-Garcia, D., Ferri, J. M., Boronat, T., Lopez-Martinez, J., & Balart, R. (2016). Processing and characterization of binary poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) blends with improved impact properties. Polymer Bulletin, 73(12), 3333-3350. doi:10.1007/s00289-016-1659-6Arrieta, M. P., Castro-López, M. del M., Rayón, E., Barral-Losada, L. F., López-Vilariño, J. M., López, J., & González-Rodríguez, M. V. (2014). Plasticized Poly(lactic acid)–Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PLA–PHB) Blends Incorporated with Catechin Intended for Active Food-Packaging Applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(41), 10170-10180. doi:10.1021/jf5029812Jamshidian, M., Tehrany, E. A., Imran, M., Jacquot, M., & Desobry, S. (2010). Poly-Lactic Acid: Production, Applications, Nanocomposites, and Release Studies. 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Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(41), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/app.42641Tripathi, N., & Katiyar, V. (2016). PLA/functionalized-gum arabic based bionanocomposite films for high gas barrier applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(21), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/app.43458Huang, Q., Liu, M., Mao, L., Xu, D., Zeng, G., Huang, H., … Wei, Y. (2017). Surface functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles with cationic polymers via the combination of mussel inspired chemistry and surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization: Characterization and enhanced removal of organic dye. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 499, 170-179. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.102Huang, Q., Liu, M., Chen, J., Wan, Q., Tian, J., Huang, L., … Wei, Y. (2017). Facile preparation of MoS2 based polymer composites via mussel inspired chemistry and their high efficiency for removal of organic dyes. Applied Surface Science, 419, 35-44. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.05.006Huang, H., Liu, M., Xu, D., Mao, L., Huang, Q., Deng, F., … Wei, Y. (2020). Facile fabrication of glycosylated and PEGylated carbon nanotubes through the combination of mussel inspired chemistry and surface-initiated ATRP. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 106, 110157. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.110157Pawlak, F., Aldas, M., López-Martínez, J., & Samper, M. D. (2019). Effect of Different Compatibilizers on Injection-Molded Green Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Based on Poly(lactic acid)-Maleinized Linseed Oil System and Sheep Wool. Polymers, 11(9), 1514. doi:10.3390/polym11091514Yang, S., Wu, Z.-H., Yang, W., & Yang, M.-B. (2008). Thermal and mechanical properties of chemical crosslinked polylactide (PLA). Polymer Testing, 27(8), 957-963. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.08.009Ferri, J. M., Garcia-Garcia, D., Sánchez-Nacher, L., Fenollar, O., & Balart, R. (2016). The effect of maleinized linseed oil (MLO) on mechanical performance of poly(lactic acid)-thermoplastic starch (PLA-TPS) blends. Carbohydrate Polymers, 147, 60-68. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.082Bhasney, S. M., Patwa, R., Kumar, A., & Katiyar, V. (2017). Plasticizing effect of coconut oil on morphological, mechanical, thermal, rheological, barrier, and optical properties of poly(lactic acid): A promising candidate for food packaging. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134(41), 45390. doi:10.1002/app.45390Moustafa, H., El Kissi, N., Abou-Kandil, A. I., Abdel-Aziz, M. S., & Dufresne, A. (2017). PLA/PBAT Bionanocomposites with Antimicrobial Natural Rosin for Green Packaging. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9(23), 20132-20141. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b05557Niu X.;Liu Y.;Song Y.;Han J.;Pan H.2018 183 102.Pavon, C., Aldas, M., López-Martínez, J., & Ferrándiz, S. (2020). New Materials for 3D-Printing Based on Polycaprolactone with Gum Rosin and Beeswax as Additives. Polymers, 12(2), 334. doi:10.3390/polym12020334Mitchell, G. R., Biscaia, S., Mahendra, V. S., & Mateus, A. (2016). High Value Materials from the Forests. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 06(03), 54-60. doi:10.4236/ampc.2016.63006Wiyono, B., Tachibana, S., & Tinambunan, D. (2006). Chemical Compositions of Pine Resin, Rosin and Turpentine Oil from West Java. Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 3(1), 7-17. doi:10.20886/ijfr.2006.3.1.7-17Karlberg, A.-T. (2012). Colophony: Rosin in Unmodified and Modified Form. Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology, 467-479. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02035-3_41Liu, B., Nie, J., & He, Y. (2016). From rosin to high adhesive polyurethane acrylate: Synthesis and properties. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 66, 99-103. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.01.002Kumooka, Y. (2008). Analysis of rosin and modified rosin esters in adhesives by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). 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Effects of POSS particles on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of PLA and Plasticised PLA. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 121(2), 1067-1075. doi:10.1002/app.33802Chieng, B., Ibrahim, N., Then, Y., & Loo, Y. (2014). Epoxidized Vegetable Oils Plasticized Poly(lactic acid) Biocomposites: Mechanical, Thermal and Morphology Properties. Molecules, 19(10), 16024-16038. doi:10.3390/molecules191016024Sigma‐Aldrich. Gum Rosin Safety data sheet; 2019; pp 1–8.Siddiki, S. M. A. H., Toyao, T., Kon, K., Touchy, A. S., & Shimizu, K. (2016). Catalytic hydrolysis of hydrophobic esters on/in water by high-silica large pore zeolites. Journal of Catalysis, 344, 741-748. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2016.08.021Liang, Y.-T., Yang, G.-P., Liu, B., Yan, Y.-T., Xi, Z.-P., & Wang, Y.-Y. (2015). Four super water-stable lanthanide–organic frameworks with active uncoordinated carboxylic and pyridyl groups for selective luminescence sensing of Fe3+. 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Data-Based Performance Modelling of Hydrocyclone for Processing Iron Ore Fines

In this study, a data driven performance characterization model of hydrocyclone has been developed using multiple experimental data set collected from the published literature pertaining to processing of iron ore fines. The cut size, d50, has been determined for a given cyclone operating conditions using Lagrangian interpolation technique. A reduced efficiency curve has been constructed to map the performance and the functional behaviour has been modeled employing three typical distribution functions, namely, Rosin-Rammler, Exponential and Logistic. All pertinent model parameters have been estimated in accordance with the experimental data sets. It has been observed that all these functions fairly mimic the performance of cyclone for processing iron ore in the particle size range 25-300 m. Rosin-Rammler distribution found to be a better function for fitting the experimental data set in comparison to Exponential and Logistic functions to characterize the performance

A Deeper Microscopic Study of the Interaction between Gum Rosin Derivatives and a Mater-Bi Type Bioplastic

[EN] The interaction between gum rosin and gum rosin derivatives with Mater-Bi type bioplastic, a biodegradable and compostable commercial bioplastic, were studied. Gum rosin and two pentaerythritol esters of gum rosin (Lurefor 125 resin and Unik Tack P100 resin) were assessed as sustainable compatibilizers for the components of Mater-Bi® NF 866 polymeric matrix. To study the influence of each additive in the polymeric matrix, each gum rosin-based additive was compounded in 15 wt % by melt-extrusion and further injection molding process. Then, the mechanical properties were assessed, and the tensile properties and impact resistance were determined. Microscopic analyses were carried out by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and atomic force microscopy with nanomechanical assessment (AFM-QNM). The oxygen barrier and wettability properties were also assayed. The study revealed that the commercial thermoplastic starch is mainly composed of three phases: A polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) phase, an amorphous phase of thermoplastic starch (TPSa), and a semi-crystalline phase of thermoplastic starch (TPSc). The poor miscibility among the components of the Mater-Bi type bioplastic was confirmed. Finally, the formulations with the gum rosin and its derivatives showed an improvement of the miscibility and the solubility of the components depending on the additive usedThis research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), project: PROMADEPCOL (MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R) and M.P.A. s contract: Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación (FJCI-2017-33536).Aldas-Carrasco, MF.; Rayón, E.; López-Martínez, J.; Arrieta, MP. (2020). A Deeper Microscopic Study of the Interaction between Gum Rosin Derivatives and a Mater-Bi Type Bioplastic. Polymers. 12(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010226S117121Keshavarz, T., & Roy, I. (2010). Polyhydroxyalkanoates: bioplastics with a green agenda. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 13(3), 321-326. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2010.02.006Aldas, M., Paladines, A., Valle, V., Pazmiño, M., & Quiroz, F. (2018). Effect of the Prodegradant-Additive Plastics Incorporated on the Polyethylene Recycling. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2018, 1-10. doi:10.1155/2018/2474176Arrieta, M. P., Peponi, L., López, D., & Fernández-García, M. (2018). Recovery of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) residue for the development of PLA-based bionanocomposite films. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 317-328. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.042Akrami, M., Ghasemi, I., Azizi, H., Karrabi, M., & Seyedabadi, M. (2016). A new approach in compatibilization of the poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch (PLA/TPS) blends. Carbohydrate Polymers, 144, 254-262. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.035Elfehri Borchani, K., Carrot, C., & Jaziri, M. (2015). 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Zero gravity separator Patent

Describing apparatus for separating gas from cryogenic liquid under zero gravity and for venting gas from fuel tan

Global MRI with Braginskii viscosity in a galactic profile

We present a global-in-radius linear analysis of the axisymmetric magnetorotational instability (MRI) in a collisional magnetized plasma with Braginskii viscosity. For a galactic angular velocity profile $\Omega$ we obtain analytic solutions for three magnetic field orientations: purely azimuthal, purely vertical and slightly pitched (almost azimuthal). In the first two cases the Braginskii viscosity damps otherwise neutrally stable modes, and reduces the growth rate of the MRI respectively. In the final case the Braginskii viscosity makes the MRI up to $2\sqrt{2}$ times faster than its inviscid counterpart, even for \emph{asymptotically small} pitch angles. We investigate the transition between the Lorentz-force-dominated and the Braginskii viscosity-dominated regimes in terms of a parameter \sim \Omega \nub/B^2 where \nub is the viscous coefficient and $B$ the Alfv\'en speed. In the limit where the parameter is small and large respectively we recover the inviscid MRI and the magnetoviscous instability (MVI). We obtain asymptotic expressions for the approach to these limits, and find the Braginskii viscosity can magnify the effects of azimuthal hoop tension (the growth rate becomes complex) by over an order of magnitude. We discuss the relevance of our results to the local approximation, galaxies and other magnetized astrophysical plasmas. Our results should prove useful for benchmarking codes in global geometries.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure