Pengaruh Latihan Aquatic Water Running Terhadap Peningkatan Kecepatan Berlari Pada Pemain Futsal

Narrow space requires the players to run faster in the game of futsal, because this is very important because it aims to win in the race for the ball with an opposing player and when defender breakthrough send feedback or feed the stomach in front of the player, the next player must run as fast as possible in order get the ball, also when a player is carrying the ball and no opponent who tried to catch, can be easily we leave when we have a good running speed. One solution is to increase the running speed futsal player is with aquatic exercise. Aquatic exercise evokes the elastic properties of muscle fibers and connective tissue in a way that allows the muscles to store energy during deceleration phases and releases energy during the acceleration period. This study aims to examine whether there is any difference between the effect of conventional exercise combined with running water aquatic exercise and conventional exercise on running speed futsal players. Experimental research design is, by design used one group pre - test - post-test. The amount of sample is 32 people, divided into two groups: conventional and conventional exercise training combined aquatic water running. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank test and Mann Whitney test. Results showed (1) there is the influence of conventional exercise combined with running water aquatic exercise on running speed futsal players (p - value = 0.001), (2) there is a conventional exercise influence on running speed futsal players (p - value = 0.001), and (3) there is a difference between the effect of conventional exercise combined with running water aquatic exercise and conventional exercise on running speed futsal players where conventional exercise combined with running water aquatic exercise has a better effect compared with conventional exercise

Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for musculoskeletal conditions: a meta-analysis

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of aquatic exercise in the management of musculoskeletal conditions. Data Sources A systematic review was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from earliest record to May 2013. Study Selection We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs evaluating aquatic exercise for adults with musculoskeletal conditions compared with no exercise or land-based exercise. Outcomes of interest were pain, physical function, and quality of life. The electronic search identified 1199 potential studies. Of these, 1136 studies were excluded based on title and abstract. A further 36 studies were excluded after full text review, and the remaining 26 studies were included in this review. Data Extraction Two reviewers independently extracted demographic data and intervention characteristics from included trials. Outcome data, including mean scores and SDs, were also extracted. Data Synthesis The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale identified 20 studies with high methodologic quality (PEDro score ≥6). Compared with no exercise, aquatic exercise achieved moderate improvements in pain (standardized mean difference [SMD]=-.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], -.56 to -.18), physical function (SMD=.32; 95% CI,.13-.51), and quality of life (SMD=.39; 95% CI,.06-.73). No significant differences were observed between the effects of aquatic and land-based exercise on pain (SMD=-.11; 95% CI, -.27 to.04), physical function (SMD=-.03; 95% CI, -.19 to.12), or quality of life (SMD=-.10; 95% CI, -.29 to.09). Conclusions The evidence suggests that aquatic exercise has moderate beneficial effects on pain, physical function, and quality of life in adults with musculoskeletal conditions. These benefits appear comparable across conditions and with those achieved with land-based exercise. Further research is needed to understand the characteristics of aquatic exercise programs that provide the most benefit

Exercise for lower limb osteoarthritis : systematic review incorporating trial sequential analysis and network meta-analysis

Objective: To determine whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude that exercise interventions are more effective than no exercise control and to compare the effectiveness of different exercise interventions in relieving pain and improving function in patients with lower limb osteoarthritis. Data sources: Nine electronic databases searched from inception to March 2012. Study selection: Randomised controlled trials comparing exercise interventions with each other or with no exercise control for adults with knee or hip osteoarthritis. Data extraction: Two reviewers evaluated eligibility and methodological quality. Main outcomes extracted were pain intensity and limitation of function. Trial sequential analysis was used to investigate reliability and conclusiveness of available evidence for exercise interventions. Bayesian network meta-analysis was used to combine both direct (within trial) and indirect (between trial) evidence on treatment effectiveness. Results: 60 trials (44 knee, two hip, 14 mixed) covering 12 exercise interventions and with 8218 patients met inclusion criteria. Sequential analysis showed that as of 2002 sufficient evidence had been accrued to show significant benefit of exercise interventions over no exercise control. For pain relief, strengthening, flexibility plus strengthening, flexibility plus strengthening plus aerobic, aquatic strengthening, and aquatic strengthening plus flexibility, exercises were significantly more effective than no exercise control. A combined intervention of strengthening, flexibility, and aerobic exercise was also significantly more effective than no exercise control for improving limitation in function (standardised mean difference −0.63, 95% credible interval −1.16 to −0.10). Conclusions: As of 2002 sufficient evidence had accumulated to show significant benefit of exercise over no exercise in patients with osteoarthritis, and further trials are unlikely to overturn this result. An approach combining exercises to increase strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity is likely to be most effective in the management of lower limb osteoarthritis. The evidence is largely from trials in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Physiological assessment of head-out aquatic exercises in healthy subjects: a qualitative review

In the last decades head-out aquatic exercises became one of the most important physical activities within the health system. Massive research has been produced throughout these decades in order to better understand the role of head-out aquatic exercises in populations’ health. Such studies aimed to obtain comprehensive knowledge about the acute and chronic response of subjects performing head-out aquatic exercises. For that, it is assumed that chronic adaptations represent the accumulation of acute responses during each aquatic session. The purpose of this study was to describe the “state of the art” about physiological assessment of head-out aquatic exercises based on acute and chronic adaptations in healthy subjects based on a qualitative review. The main findings about acute response of head-out aquatic exercise according to water temperature, water depth, type of exercise, additional equipment used, body segments exercising and music cadence will be described. In what concerns chronic adaptations, the main results related to cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations, muscular strength, flexibility and body composition improvements will be reported

Common exercise prescription for management of weight and osteoarthritis : a systematic review : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sport and Exercise at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand

Background: Obesity and osteoarthritis are two debilitating conditions that are increasing in prevalence. Obese populations are at an increased risk for developing osteoarthritis in later life. Exercise has been shown to be successful in improving both weight status and musculoskeletal pain, yet it remains unclear if there is an exercise intervention that results in improved weight status while preventing the development of osteoarthritis. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the existence of a natural overlap in exercise prescription for obese and osteoarthritic populations and recommend an evidence-based exercise intervention for the management of weight and prevention of musculoskeletal pain. Methods: A structured electronic review was conducted using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus. Two searches were performed using the search strings “obes*” AND “exercise” AND “interven*” AND “musculoskeletal pain OR knee pain OR hip pain” and “osteoarth*” AND “exercise” AND “interven*” AND “musculoskeletal pain OR knee pain OR hip pain”. Studies were then reviewed using inclusion/exclusion criteria (exclusion criteria: menopausal, cancer, review, obesity related co-morbidities, animal studies; inclusion criteria: studies had to be randomised controlled trials, participants aged 18-50, include non-exercise control, and outcomes must include physical function or musculoskeletal pain). Included studies were ranked by change in measured outcome variables (descending order); a summary of recommended exercise prescription was based on common prescription used in the interventions with greatest change. A Downs and Black checklist was completed for all studies included in this review to assess methodological quality. Results: Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria and were included in this review (obesity n = 11; OA n = 7; obesity & OA n= 3). Exercise significantly improved weight status and/or musculoskeletal pain. Similarities in exercise intensity (40-80% VO2max), frequency (3 times per week), duration (30-60 minutes), and exercise mode (treadmill, cross-trainer, stationary bike, aquatic exercise) were observed between studies. Conclusion: Substantial overlap in exercise prescription for obese and OA populations exist. These findings suggest that moderate intensity exercise for 30-60 minutes, 3 times per weeks can achieve effective improvements in weight and musculoskeletal pain. Exercise and weight loss are effective treatments for obesity and musculoskeletal symptoms and should be recommended to all at-risk individuals

Biomechanics of stationary exercise : an option for weight management : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand

Children carrying excess mass have difficulty performing exercises requiring whole body movement with horizontal displacement, such as walking and running. While previous research strongly suggests that overweight children adapt their gait to accommodate for moving excess mass horizontally, very little research has investigated the biomechanical characteristics of simple exercises that focus on vertical displacement, such as stationary exercise. In addition, aquatic exercise has not been considered as an alternative solution for this population. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to compare the biomechanical differences between aquatic- and land-based stationary exercises in normal-weight and overweight children. Methods This thesis involved four parts; literature review, technical note, biomechanics of land- and aquatic-based stationary exercise. The literature review includes a summary about the prevalence of paediatric obesity and its related physical dysfunction, as well as the drafted literature review manuscript on biomechanical differences in exercises overground and within shallow water. It is followed by a technical note study to examine the accuracy of the camera setup by comparing the angular kinematics collected using a recreational, low-cost sports video camera (GoPro, Inc) and commercial inertial motion sensors, in both land and water environments. Following the validation study, there are two cross-sectional studies that investigate the differences in lower extremity kinematics, spatiotemporal parameters, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle activation patterns, in normal-weight and overweight children during water- and land-based stationary exercises. Results The literature review revealed that the previous aquatic biomechanical research is limited to aquatic gait in adults and elderly people. The lack of aquatic research in children is of great concern, as aquatic sports provide a low weight bearing activity that diminishes the likelihood of injuries in children and provides a solid foundation for physically activity throughout the lifespan. We demonstrated that the GoPro camera derived angular velocity measurements underwater and in air are accurate when compared to data from inertial sensors and known motion of the clock's second hand and a driven limb segment model. Thus, the accuracy of thesis protocol was established. The findings of the two cross-sectional studies demonstrated that children with excess body mass experienced significantly greater RPE and muscle activation with more extended joints during land-based stationary exercises. However, these differences diminished between groups in water with a lower RPE in overweight children and a more upright posture for both groups. Conclusions These findings suggested that children with excess body mass may adopt a more active neuromuscular strategy and a more upright posture in order to provide greater stability and propulsion during land-based stationary exercises. Higher RPE scores could indicate a greater level of difficulty and lack of enjoyment when performing stationary exercise on land. However, these differences did not exist in water. Thus, these findings support stationary exercises in water as a desirable way to reduce functional differences and subsequently promote physical activity in overweight children

Energetic Extremes in Aquatic Locomotion by Coral Reef Fishes

Underwater locomotion is challenging due to the high friction and resistance imposed on a body moving through water and energy lost in the wake during undulatory propulsion. While aquatic organisms have evolved streamlined shapes to overcome such resistance, underwater locomotion has long been considered a costly exercise. Recent evidence for a range of swimming vertebrates, however, has suggested that flapping paired appendages around a rigid body may be an extremely efficient means of aquatic locomotion. Using intermittent flow-through respirometry, we found exceptional energetic performance in the Bluelined wrasse Stethojulis bandanensis, which maintains tuna-like optimum cruising speeds (up to 1 metre s(-1)) while using 40% less energy than expected for their body size. Displaying an exceptional aerobic scope (22-fold above resting), streamlined rigid-body posture, and wing-like fins that generate lift-based thrust, S. bandanensis literally flies underwater to efficiently maintain high optimum swimming speeds. Extreme energetic performance may be key to the colonization of highly variable environments, such as the wave-swept habitats where S. bandanensis and other wing-finned species tend to occur. Challenging preconceived notions of how best to power aquatic locomotion, biomimicry of such lift-based fin movements could yield dramatic reductions in the power needed to propel underwater vehicles at high speed.Funding was provided by the Australian Research Council (to CJF) and the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation (to JFS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript