Scoping study on the evolution of industry in Ghana

This paper chronicles the evolution of industry in Ghana over the post-independence era from an inward over-protected import substitution industrialization strategy of 1960-83 to an outward liberalized strategy during 1984-2000, and since 2001, to the private sector-led accelerated industrial development strategy based on value-added processing of Ghana's natural resource endowments. Over the last couple of years, industry in Ghana, dominated since independence by the manufacturing subsector, is gradually being overtaken by mining and quarrying subsector due to the discovery and subsequent production of oil and gas. Industry is mainly dominated by micro and small firms, privately-owned and mainly located within urban areas in the form of industrial clusters. Patterns of labour productivity and wages within Ghana's industrial sector indicate the food processing subsector, foreign-owned and older firms as the most productive. Currently under a medium-term agenda, the industrial sector is expected to play a pivotal role through enhanced growth in the construction sector; infrastructure development in the oil sector, energy and water subsectors and an increase in output from the mining sector, especially in salt production. The emerging policy issues relate to the key developmental objectives of the current industrial policy including how to empower the private sector especially SMEs to expand productive employment and technological capacity within a highly competitive manufacturing sector; how to promote agro-based industrial development to ensure value-addition to manufactures and Ghana's exports; and how to promote the spatial distribution of industries away from the current over-concentration of industries within urban areas

Effects of shoreline erosion on infrastructure development along the coastal belt of Ghana: Case of Nkontompo community

The coastal areas of Ghana are the locus of rapid urban and industrial growth, oil and gas development, industrial-scale fisheries, recreation and tourism destinations. However, lateral changes in the coastline position has seriously threatened the equilibrium of the coastal environment and affected the socio-economic life of local populations, threatened cultural heritage and hindered coastal tourism development. This paper assessed the extent of shoreline recession and its effects on buildings and  infrastructure along Ghana's coastline through a study of the NkontompoCommunity, a suburb of Sekondi in the Western Region of the country as a case. The study employed data spanning a period of 23 years, including Topographic sheets that were interpolated to establish the rate of recession of the shoreline. The extent of land lost in conjunction with the building density was used to establish the number of buildings lost. The study  revealed that environmental conditions at Nkontompo have changed over the past three to four decades as a result of shoreline erosion. The coastline of the community has been receding at a rate of approximately 2 metres per annum. From the topographical sheet interpolations and analysis made by the authors, it was realized that approximately nine acres of the land, forming a third of the total built up area has been eroded leading to damage and subsequent loss of about 117 buildings to the sea. Recommendations have been made identifying adaptation  techniques and strategies to manage the effects of this phenomenon along the coastal belt of Ghana.Keywords: Coastal erosion, infrastructure development, Nkontompo, Ghan

아프리카 가나에서 남획과 석유산업이 어촌 생계에 미치는 영향

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 지리학과,2020. 2. Edo Andriesse.본 박사학위논문은 아프리카 가나 서부의 남획과 석유 산업이 연안지역사회 소규모 어민들의 생계에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 연구하였다. 어업과 석유 부문의 공식 및 비공식 행위자와의 상호 작용과 이들 행위자가 어민들의 생계 적응 전략을 어떻게 형성했는지 확인하였다. 연구방법은 400명의 어민 가구들을 대상으로 한 설문조사와 42명의 핵심 이해관계자들을 대상으로 한 인터뷰를 혼합하여 채택하였다. 설문조사와 인터뷰는 2018년 12월에서 2019년 4월 사이에 가나에서 Shama 지역의 Apo와 Bentsir, Nzema East 지역의 Axim, Ahanta West의 Discove와 Akiwidaa, 그리고 Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis 지역의 Sekondi와 New Takoradi에서 실시하였다. 설문조사와 인터뷰 응답자는 눈덩이 표집법과 의도적 표집법을 통해 선발되었다. 설문에는 객관식, 단답식, 서술식 질문이 포함되었다. 단답식 그리고 객관식 질문들을 통해서는 응답자들이 특정 답변을 선택하도록, 서술식 질문을 통해서는 현지 어업 관련 경험과 기타 문제에 대해 자유롭게 서술하도록 하였다. 설문조사 결과는 사회과학자를 위한 IBM SPSS 버전 21.0과 Excel 프로그램을 통해 분석하였다. 인터뷰 결과는 주제별로 답변을 기록하고 번역하였다. 설문조사와 인터뷰의 결과는 아프리카 가나 서부 지역의 어민들이 어획량과 어업 기회 감소로 인해 사회경제적 취약성이 높다는 것을 보여준다. 어획량과 소득의 감소는 남획이 어업 생계에 미치는 가장 큰 영향의 결과인 것이 밝혀졌다. 어민들의 이동 제한, 어구의 파괴 및 몰수, 해초의 존재 및 토지 기회의 부족은 석유 산업에 의해 유발되는 생계 위협의 주요 요인들이다. 남획과 석유 시추 활동의 결합 효과는 해상 어업 공간 감소, 토지 소유 및 농업 기회의 제한, 해양 생태계 파괴로 이어졌다. 전반적으로, 자연적(natural), 재정적(financial), 인적(human), 물리적(physical) 자본이 남획과 석유 산업의 영향을 가장 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 현지 어민들과 공동체 지도자들은 금어기(禁漁期, closed fishing season)에 대해 다른 평가를 가지고 있었다. 설문조사와 인터뷰에 따르면, 어부들은 금어기 시행보다는 불법 어업에 대한 법률을 시행하는 것을 선호하고 있었다. 어민과 지도자들의 상충되는 의견은 (1) 금어기 도입에 따른 어민들의 재정적, 자연적, 문화적 자본의 감소와, (2) 의사 결정 과정에서의 참여 수준의 결과로 보인다. 전반적으로 이와 관련하여 두 가지 다른 정치적 담론이 충돌하는 현상이 나타났다. 한쪽은 연안 공동체의 소규모 어민들의 입장으로, 수산법을 엄격하게 시행하는 동시에 모든 어민들이 자유롭게 바다를 사용하는 개방 담론이다. 다른 한쪽은 정부와 환경 NGO들의 입장으로, 해양 자원의 장기적인 지속 가능성을 위해 계절적으로 바다의 사용을 금지하는 보존 담론이다. 개방 담론은 최근 제시되고 있는 과학적 결과들에 의해 보존 담론에 의해 위축되고 있음이 여러 사례 지역에서 발견되고 있다. 현지 어민들과 석유 기업 사이에서 발생하는 갈등은 해상 유전 주변의 구역(버퍼 구역 500~1,000m)에서 주로 발생한다. 이 지역은 어업적으로 그리고 생태학적으로 매우 중요한 곳이며 상당한 석유 및 가스 매장량을 보유하고 있다. 한편으로 지역 어민들은 유전 주변의 비옥한 어장에 대한 장기적인 사용을 유지하고자 한다. 반면, 석유 및 가스 회사는 석유 탐사 및 생산을 유지하기 위해 동일한 해저에 대한 사용권을 얻고자 한다. 지역 어민들이 전개한 해양 공간 내 이동을 통한 생계 전략은 단기적인 대처 전략으로 해석된다. 서부 지역 어민들 사이에서는 빛과 화학 물질을 사용한 불법 및 파괴적인 어업 방법이 유행하고 있다. 어민들의 경험을 바탕으로 한 적응 전략이 중요하지만, 지속 가능하지 못하며 불법적인 방법들은 해양 어류의 재건에서 역효과를 낳고 있다. 본 논문은 지속 가능한 생계 접근과 정치생태학에서 파생된 행위자 중심 접근을 통합하였고, 이를 통해 해안의 취약성과 적응 전략을 이해하고 해양 자원의 재건에 대한 담론들을 이해하는 분석틀을 제공했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.This study is concerned with how overfishing and the petroleum industry has affected the livelihoods of small-scale fisherfolk in the coastal communities of Western Region. It investigates the interaction between formal and informal actors in the fisheries and the petroleum sector and the ways in which these actors influence or shape the livelihood adaptation strategies deployed by coastal fisherfolk. A mixed- methods approach made up of 400 fisherfolk households survey and 42 interviews with stakeholders in the fisheries and the petroleum industries were conducted.. The surveys and interviews were conducted between December 2018 and April 2019 in Ghana. A total of 400 households survey was conducted in Shama (Apo & Bentsir), Nzema East (Axim), Ahanta West (Discove & Akwidaa) and in the (Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis) Sekondi & New Takoradi. Respondents for the survey and interviews were selected through snowballing and purposive sampling techniques respectively. The questionnaire included closed, open and multiple-choice questions. The closed ended and multiple choice questions permitted respondents to select specific choice of answers while the open ended questions offered the respondents the opportunity to freely talk about their experiences and knowledge related to the local fishing industry and other relevant issues concerning the marine conservation. The statistical package for social scientist IBM SPSS Version 21.0 and Excel spreadsheet were used to analyze the results from the household surveys. The results from the interviews were translated and transcribed where applicable and organized into relevant thematic themes. The survey results coupled with the knowledge obtained from interviews shows that fisherfolk in the Western Region of Ghana are under high levels of socioeconomic vulnerability because of decrease fish catch and declining small-scale fisheries opportunities. Decreased fish catch and low income were found to be the main impact of overfishing on fisherfolk livelihoods. The spatial restriction of fishers mobility offshore, the destruction and confiscation of fishing gear, the presence of seaweed in the ocean, and the lack of land opportunities are some of the key petroleum industry-induced stressors on fisheries livelihoods. The combined effects of overfishing and oil and gas activities has resulted in decreased fishing space at sea, limited land ownership and farming opportunities and destruction of marine ecosystem. Overall, the natural, financial, human and physical capital were find to be the most impacted by overfishing and the petroleum industry. Fisherfolk and local fisheries leaders had different perceptions regarding the ecological effectiveness of closed seasons. The survey results coupled with the knowledge obtained from interviews suggest that fisherfolk prefer the state to enforce the laws on illegal fishing rather than the implementation of closed season. The conflicting perceptions appear to be a result of fisherfolk perceived impact of closed season on their financial, cultural and natural capital as well as their level of participation and perceived influence in decision-making leading to the introduction of the closed season. Overall, two different discursive positions were established with respect to the closed season. An open access fisheries narrative together with strict enforcement of fisheries laws and seasonal closures supported by conservation discourses. The open access argument from the fisherfolk to continue fishing were found to be weak compared to the powerful and dominant scientific conservation narratives by the state and the NGOs. The conflict produced between the local fishers and the petroleum industry occurs at strategic spatial areas at sea (buffer zones -500&1000m radius) around oil fields offshore. These areas are considered ecologically fertile grounds for fisheries and holds considerable oil and gas reserves. On the one hand local fishers seeks to maintain long term access to fertile fishing grounds around the oil fields. On the other hand, oil and gas companies also wants to keep oil reserves in the same seabed to maintain oil exploration and production. The marine spatial mobility livelihood strategies deployed by the local fisherfolk could be described as a short-term coping strategies. Illegal light fishing and other destructive fishing methods such as the use of chemicals is on the increase and are more prevalent among fisherfolk in the Western Region. The various in situ marine-based adaptation strategies deployed by fisherfolk, especially illegal light fishing and fishing around oil rigs, are unsustainable and are counterproductive in the rebuilding of depleted marine fish stocks. The integration of the sustainable livelihoods approach and an actor-oriented approach derived from political ecology served as an important analytical package to understand the current coastal vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies as well as the opposing discourses over the rebuilding of marine resources.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Study Background 1 1.2 Research problem 3 1.3 Study objective and research questions 6 1.4 Research method 7 1.4.1 Data gathering techniques 9 1.4.2 Data analysis and interpretation of results 12 1.5 Organization of the study 16 Chapter 2. Literature Review 19 2.1. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach 19 2.1.1 Livelihood assets 20 2.1.2 The vulnerability context 23 2.1.3 Policies, Institutions and Processes (PIP) 24 2.1.4 Livelihood strategies and outcomes 25 2.2 Political Ecology 27 2.2.1 Themes/Approaches of Political Ecology 28 2.2.2 Power and actor-oriented political ecology 30 2.3 Rational for the integration of SLA and Political ecology (PE) 33 2.3.1 Analytical framework of study 33 Chapter 3. Case study introduction 38 3.1 Introduction to Ghana 38 3.1.1 Western Region of Ghana. 40 3.2 Fisheries management & governance in Ghana 44 3.3 Structure and overview of Ghanas marine fishing sector 54 3.3.1 Increasing capacity amidst decreasing fish catch 57 3.4 The emerging oil and gas industry in Ghana. 62 3.4.1 The petroleum industry, environmental impacts and conflicts: lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. 64 Chapter 4. Coastal Vulnerabilities and Conflicts Management. 67 4.1 Overview of Household Survey 67 4.2 Impacts of overfishing on the livelihoods of fisherfolk 71 4.3 Impacts of the petroleum industry on the livelihoods of fisherfolk. 74 4.3.1 Livelihood situation before and after oil and gas extraction and production. 77 4.4 Differences and commonalities of vulnerabilities within and among the study areas 80 4.5 Contesting access to the use of coastal waters: The political ecology of closed season. 83 4.5.1 Bottom-up initiatives verse top down approaches 89 4.6 Differences and commonalities of local support for marine conservation 95 4.7 Negotiating marine space in coastal Ghana: the political ecology of fishing and the petroleum industry. 98 Chapter 5. Livelihood Adaptation Strategies 109 5.1 Non-marine based adaptation strategies 109 5.2 Marine –based adaptation strategies. 114 5.3 local area differences and commonalities 131 5.4 Towards an all-inclusive and participatory fisheries governance and management. 137 Chapter 6. Conclusion 142 6.1 Key findings 142 6.2 Empirical and theoretical contributions 144 6.3 Policy Recommendations 149 6.4 Limitations of the study and future research 151 Bibliography 153 APPENDIXES 168 Abstract in Korean. 190 Acknowledgements 193Docto

Transcalar Urban Governance: Planning and Development in the “Oil-City” of Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana

In 2007, Ghana located commercial quantities of oil and gas off its Western coast, near the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. This discovery galvanised different groups wishing to benefit from these natural resources. With a view on Sekondi-Takoradi, this thesis examines how urban governance is exercised in relation to planning and development outcomes where there are multiple actors each with their own motivations, interests and agendas. In the wake of the oil discoveries, this thesis shows how the state, civil society and transnational corporate actors contest, negotiate and converge to shape future possibilities in the city in a transcalar manner across local, national and international scales of power. This research builds on network approaches to urban governance, particularly urban regime theory. Rather than view power as concentrated and held by a dominant force, urban regime theory asserts that multiple actors leverage different resources and skills to forge crosssector governing arrangements which can both enable and disable development. This thesis makes the following contributions: First, it argues for including and localising the role of transnational corporations in urban regimes in an African context. Despite the financial power of corporations (e.g. transnational oil companies), corporations rely on local socialpolitical networks and city resources for their business activities. Second, this thesis brings forward a postcolonial intervention to urban regime theory, by focusing on the agency of the local state and civil society actors to shape urban development outcomes. Far from a weak state, it shows how the local state in Sekondi-Takoradi (i.e. city government and traditional authorities) builds governing capacity by convening local and transnational actors through planning processes and development management. Third, this thesis shows how civil society organisations in Sekondi-Takoradi expand local state capacity by participating in legislative and planning processes to co-produce inclusive development outcomes, while also challenging state and corporate authority. This thesis thus argues that these distinctive actors—the local state, civil society, and transnational corporations—are mutually constitutive of one another through the transcalar governance of urban development

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Shoreline Movements along the Coastal Stretch from Bortianor to Winneba, Ghana

Shoreline movement is largely dependent on the extent of erosion and accretion, thus making it one of the most dynamic geomorphic phenomena along the coast. The study sought to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of shoreline movements along the coastal stretch between Bortianor in the Greater Accra Region and Winneba in the Central Region of Ghana from 2000 to 2020.  The study used shoreline data mapped from field-based high resolution aerial imagery and Landsat 7 and 8 images. Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software 5 was used for the data processing and analysis, with reference to Shoreline Change Envelope, Net Shoreline Movement, End Point Rate, Linear Regression Rate and Weighted Linear Regression. It was observed that the entire shoreline under study generally experienced a continuous retreat than advancement due to the moderate to very high accretion. This notwithstanding, very high erosion was observed on the eastern side of the coast in Fete, leading to an advancement of the shoreline. The study recommends constant monitoring of the coastline by researchers and relevant stakeholders and also the need to put in place protective mechanisms such as sea defenses by the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing to avoid the worse scenarios being experienced in other parts of the Ghanaian coastline. Keywords: shoreline movements, accretion, erosion, shoreline retreat, shoreline advancement DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-1-04 Publication date: January 31st 202

The challenges of global environmental change for urban Africa

Cities - especially those with substantial poor populations - will face increasingly severe challenges in tackling the impacts of global environmental change (GEC). As economic dynamos and increasingly important population concentrations, cities both contribute substantially, and often are very vulnerable, to the impacts of GEC. This applies strongly in Africa, one of the world's poorest regions. The inability of even a relatively wealthy and well protected city such as New Orleans in the USA to withstand Hurricane Katrina has helped focus attention on the vulnerability of cities that are less protected. Coastal cities and towns from Dakar (which is used as a case study) via Lagos, Cape Town, Maputo and Mombasa to Djibouti contain many low-lying areas, often accommodating concentrations of poor residents, strategic infrastructure and economic production. However, different combinations of challenges will affect many inland urban centres. Tackling GEC successfully will require more than enhanced disaster preparedness. Action to address unsustainable aspects of everyday life and current corporate and institutional activity will be necessary. There can be no simple or universal strategy to reduce urban footprints. Local conditions (biophysical, structural, socioeconomic and cultural) produce specific constraints and opportunities in each context

Exploring the Role of Trade and Migrations in Nigeria-Ghana Relations in the Pre-Colonial and Colonial Periods

Long before Ghana and Nigeria became independent countries in 1957 and 1960 respectively, peoples of both countries have had rewarding contacts. These involved inter-group relations in the political, economic, religious, cultural, administrative and recreational fields of human endeavour. Of these facilitators of inter-group relations, the two most outstanding elements that defined their relations before and during the colonial period were trade and migrations. The basic theme of this paper is therefore to document the nature and form of this trade network facilitated largely by the Hausa’s and Yoruba’s of Nigeria and the Akan peoples of the Gold Coast during the period of this study; and how the booming trade contact and colonial economic policy motivated great inter-state migrations between the two countries during the colonial period. The paper further explores the various motivations for inter-state migrations between the two countries in the pre-colonial and colonial periods.Key words: Trade, Migration, Intergroup relations, Nigeria, Gold Coas