486,542 research outputs found
No-Reference Quality Assessment for 360-degree Images by Analysis of Multi-frequency Information and Local-global Naturalness
360-degree/omnidirectional images (OIs) have achieved remarkable attentions
due to the increasing applications of virtual reality (VR). Compared to
conventional 2D images, OIs can provide more immersive experience to consumers,
benefitting from the higher resolution and plentiful field of views (FoVs).
Moreover, observing OIs is usually in the head mounted display (HMD) without
references. Therefore, an efficient blind quality assessment method, which is
specifically designed for 360-degree images, is urgently desired. In this
paper, motivated by the characteristics of the human visual system (HVS) and
the viewing process of VR visual contents, we propose a novel and effective
no-reference omnidirectional image quality assessment (NR OIQA) algorithm by
Multi-Frequency Information and Local-Global Naturalness (MFILGN).
Specifically, inspired by the frequency-dependent property of visual cortex, we
first decompose the projected equirectangular projection (ERP) maps into
wavelet subbands. Then, the entropy intensities of low and high frequency
subbands are exploited to measure the multi-frequency information of OIs.
Besides, except for considering the global naturalness of ERP maps, owing to
the browsed FoVs, we extract the natural scene statistics features from each
viewport image as the measure of local naturalness. With the proposed
multi-frequency information measurement and local-global naturalness
measurement, we utilize support vector regression as the final image quality
regressor to train the quality evaluation model from visual quality-related
features to human ratings. To our knowledge, the proposed model is the first
no-reference quality assessment method for 360-degreee images that combines
multi-frequency information and image naturalness. Experimental results on two
publicly available OIQA databases demonstrate that our proposed MFILGN
outperforms state-of-the-art approaches
Perceptual Quality Assessment Based on Visual Attention Analysis
Most existing quality metrics do not take the human attention analysis into account. Attention to particular objects or regions is an important attribute of human vision and perception system in measuring perceived image and video qualities. This paper presents an approach for extracting visual attention regions based on a combination of a bottom-up saliency model and semantic image analysis. The use of PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and SSIM (Structural SIMilarity) in extracted attention regions is analyzed for image/video quality assessment, and a novel quality metric is proposed which can exploit the attributes of visual attention information adequately. The experimental results with respect to the subjective measurement demonstrate that the proposed metric outperforms the current methods
Double-pass technique and compensation-comparison method in eyes with cataract
PURPOSE
To clinically assess the objective scatter index (OSI) obtained from double-pass images and the log(s) parameter measured with the direct compensation-comparison psychophysical technique in eyes with cataract.
SETTING
Ophthalmology Service, Terrassa Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
DESIGN
Prospective observational case series.
METHODS
The analysis comprised eyes diagnosed with nuclear, cortical, or posterior subcapsular cataracts and healthy eyes (control group). Patient examinations included assessment of the manifest subjective refraction, corrected distance visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and cataract grade using the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III) score. The protocol also included the straylight (log[s]) measured by the C-Quant device, measurement of the objective optical quality (Strehl ratio and modulation transfer function cutoff frequency), and the OSI (HD Analyzer).
RESULTS
Significant correlations with LOCS III classification were found in terms of log(s) and OSI, although they were slightly stronger with OSI for all cataract types, which could be attributable to higher-order aberrations. The OSI and log(s) shared approximately 44% of the scattering estimation and to coincide on the visual function decline with scattering for the 3 cataract types evaluated. Limits to discriminate between healthy and cataractous eyes and sensitivity and specificity values were 1.15 (sensitivity 91%, specificity 100%) for log(s) and 1.18 (sensitivity 89%, specificity 100%) for OSI (P < .05).
CONCLUSIONS
Both instruments provide complementary information to diagnose cataracts and follow patients. Although backscattered light from deeper retinal layers can have an effect on OSI, the double-pass image provides information to grade different types of cataract when assessing cataractous eyes for treatment.Preprin
The National Eye Survey of Trinidad and Tobago (NESTT): Rationale, objectives and methodology
Purpose: This paper describes the rationale, study design and procedures of the National Eye Survey of Trinidad and Tobago (NESTT). The main objective of this survey is to obtain prevalence estimates of vision impairment and blindness for planning and policy development.
Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional survey was undertaken using random multistage cluster sampling, with probability-proportionate-to-size methods. Eligible participants aged 5 years and older were sampled from the non-institutional population in each of 120 cluster segments. Presenting distance and near visual acuity were screened in their communities. People aged 40 years and older, and selected younger people, were invited for comprehensive clinic assessment. The interview included information on potential risk factors for vision loss, associated costs and quality of life. The examination included measurement of anthropometrics, blood glucose, refraction, ocular biometry, corneal hysteresis, and detailed assessment of the anterior and posterior segments, with photography and optical coherence tomography imaging. Adult participants were invited to donate saliva samples for DNA extraction and storage.
Results: The fieldwork was conducted over 13 months in 2013–2014. A representative sample of 10,651 individuals in 3410 households within 120 cluster segments identified 9913 people who were eligible for recruitment.
Conclusion: The study methodology was robust and adequate to provide the first population-based estimates of the prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in Trinidad and Tobago. Information was also gathered on risk factors, costs and quality of life associated with vision loss, and on normal ocular parameters for the population aged 40 years and older
Observational Gait Assessment Scales in Patients with Walking Disorders: Systematic Review
Objective. To compile and analyze the characteristics and methodological quality of observational gait assessment scales validated
to date. Methods. PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to
Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Dialnet, Spanish Medical Index, and Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry databases were
searched up to August 2019. ,e main inclusion criteria were validated tools based on a conceptual framework developed to
evaluate gait, validation design studies of observational scales in their entirety, and articles written in English or Spanish.
Evaluators extracted descriptive information of the scales and the metric properties of the studies, which were further analyzed
with Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) and COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health
Measurement Instruments (COSMIN checklist). Results. Eighteen articles based on 14 scales were included. ,e populations were
neurological patients (72.22%), musculoskeletal disorders (11.11%), and other areas such as vestibular disorders (11.11%). ,e
most addressed items were orthopedic aids (64.29%); phases of the gait cycle and kinematics of the leg and trunk (57.14% each
one); and spatial and temporal parameters (50%). All studies analyzed criterion validity, and five included content or structural
validity (27.78%). Fifteen articles considered reliability (83.33%). Regarding the seven-item scale QUADAS-2, five studies
obtained six results on “low” risk of bias or “low” concerns regarding applicability. Nine articles obtained at least a “fair” result on
COSMIN checklist. Conclusions. A necessary compilation of the observational gait assessment scales validated to date was
conducted. Besides, their characteristics and methodological quality were analyzed. Most scales were applied in neurological signs.
,e most approached topics were orthopedic aids, phases of the gait cycle, and kinematics of the leg and trunk. ,e scale that
demonstrated a higher methodological quality was Visual Gait Assessment Scale, followed by CHAGS, Salford Gait Tool, and
Edinburgh Visual Gait Score
Optimization of perceptual steganography capacity using the human visual system and evolutionary computation
University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.Efficient solutions for the purpose of delivery of information are called for by the revolution of internet. However concerns and problems over security, distribution of digital content and encapsulation of media artifacts have arisen as a result of these phenomenal developments. Hence, it has become necessary to seek capabilities to transport and secure multimedia with its meta-data in a safe way. Steganography has evolved as an enabler of multimedia applications keeping secret communication and embedded captioning secure.
There is a tolerable outcome that occurs between imperceptibility and steganographic capacity that fit right into the mix. For instance, the more subtle elements are hidden within the cover object having higher capacity, the more degradation is exhibited towards the carrier file, resulting in an increase in the distortion attributed to the information being concealed and at the same time, decreasing the stego file quality.
Suitable use of Evolutionary Algorithm and effective use of the weaknesses of Human Visual System in steganography are investigated in this thesis. Firstly, two high capacity steganography approaches are developed with the use of aforementioned features. The first method aims to overcome the limit capacity of edge based steganography in the spatial domain. The second method proposes a proper threshold selection for each coefficient which increase the capacity of transform domain. An estimate of the embedding rate based on image complexity is also proposed. Moreover, since peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is largely used as a measure of quality of images of stego, the reliability of current quality assessment metrics for stego images is also evaluated at the third stage. Follow by developing an Anticipatory Quality Assessment Metric for effective imperceptibility measurement.
All proposed methods are aimed to assist the optimization of the statical and visual characteristics in the cover images while hiding large size of information. To reveal impressive imperceptibility and capacity of the proposed method over the existing dilemmas, a broad range of requirements have been carried out. To indicate the utility and value of all techniques proposed, they all have been empirically validated. The main aspects of image steganography are improved by the suggestions and methods, and are revealed by the results
Assessing housing quality and its impact on health, safety and sustainability
Background The adverse health and environmental
effects of poor housing quality are well established. A
central requirement for evidence-based policies and
programmes to improve housing standards is a valid,
reliable and practical way of measuring housing quality
that is supported by policy agencies, the housing sector,
researchers and the public.
Methods This paper provides guidance on the
development of housing quality-assessment tools that
link practical measures of housing conditions to their
effects on health, safety and sustainability, with
particular reference to tools developed in New Zealand
and England.
Results The authors describe how information on
housing quality can support individuals, agencies and the
private sector to make worthwhile improvements to the
health, safety and sustainability of housing. The
information gathered and the resultant tools developed
should be guided by the multiple purposes and end users
of this information. Other important issues outlined
include deciding on the scope, detailed content, practical
administration issues and how the information will be
analysed and summarised for its intended end users.
There are likely to be considerable benefits from
increased international collaboration and standardisation
of approaches to measuring housing hazards. At the
same time, these assessment approaches need to
consider local factors such as climate, geography,
culture, predominating building practices, important
housing-related health issues and existing building
codes.
Conclusions An effective housing quality-assessment
tool has a central role in supporting improvements to
housing. The issues discussed in this paper are designed
to motivate and assist the development of such tools
INFORMATION THEORETIC CRITERIA FOR IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT BASED ON NATURAL SCENE STATISTICS
Measurement of visual quality is crucial
for various image and video processing applications. It is widely
applied in image acquisition, media transmission, video compression,
image/video restoration, etc.
The goal of image quality assessment (QA) is to develop a computable
quality metric which is able to properly evaluate image quality. The
primary criterion is better QA consistency with human judgment.
Computational complexity and resource limitations are also concerns
in a successful QA design. Many methods have been proposed up to
now. At the beginning, quality measurements were directly taken from
simple distance measurements, which refer to mathematically signal
fidelity, such as mean squared error or Minkowsky distance. Lately,
QA was extended to color space and the Fourier domain in which
images are better represented. Some existing methods also consider
the adaptive ability of human vision. Unfortunately, the Video
Quality Experts Group indicated that none of the more sophisticated
metrics showed any great advantage over other existing metrics.
This thesis proposes a general approach to the QA problem by
evaluating image information entropy. An information theoretic model
for the human visual system is proposed and an information theoretic
solution is presented to derive the proper settings. The quality
metric is validated by five subjective databases from different
research labs. The key points for a successful quality metric are
investigated. During the testing, our quality metric exhibits
excellent consistency with the human judgments and compatibility
with different databases. Other than full reference quality
assessment metric, blind quality assessment metrics are also
proposed. In order to predict quality without a reference image, two
concepts are introduced which quantitatively describe the
inter-scale dependency under a multi-resolution framework. Based on
the success of the full reference quality metric, several blind
quality metrics are proposed for five different types of distortions
in the subjective databases. Our blind metrics outperform all
existing blind metrics and also are able to deal with some
distortions which have not been investigated
Visual Comfort Assessment for Stereoscopic Image Retargeting
In recent years, visual comfort assessment (VCA) for 3D/stereoscopic content
has aroused extensive attention. However, much less work has been done on the
perceptual evaluation of stereoscopic image retargeting. In this paper, we
first build a Stereoscopic Image Retargeting Database (SIRD), which contains
source images and retargeted images produced by four typical stereoscopic
retargeting methods. Then, the subjective experiment is conducted to assess
four aspects of visual distortion, i.e. visual comfort, image quality, depth
quality and the overall quality. Furthermore, we propose a Visual Comfort
Assessment metric for Stereoscopic Image Retargeting (VCA-SIR). Based on the
characteristics of stereoscopic retargeted images, the proposed model
introduces novel features like disparity range, boundary disparity as well as
disparity intensity distribution into the assessment model. Experimental
results demonstrate that VCA-SIR can achieve high consistency with subjective
perception
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