A Model of Russia's "Virtual Economy"

The Russian Economy has evolved into a hybrid form, a partially monetized quasi-market system that has been called the virtual economy. In the virtual economy, barter and non-monetary transactions play a key role in transferring value from the productive activities to the loss-making sectors of the economy. We show how this transfer takes place, and how it can be consistent with the incentives of economic agents. We analyze a simple partial-equilibrium model of the virtual economy, and show how it might prove an obstacle to industrial restructuring and hence marketizing transition.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39701/3/wp317.pd

Stability and Disorder: An Evolutionary Analysis of Russia's Virtual Economy

The hybrid system that the Russian transition has evolved into has been called the virtual economy. This paper analyzes the evolution of the virtual economy. We pay particular attention to the interaction of economic reform policies and the adaptive behavior of enterprise directors. We then analyze the implications of the virtual economy for Russia's stability and development, and place the evolution of the virtual economy into the larger international security context.

Gender Equality in Virtual Work II.: Regulatory Suggestions

This article focuses on gender equality in virtual work, taking special account of the regulatory challenges. It contributes to broader debates on the workers' situation in the sharing economy in two ways. Firstly, it makes an inaugural attempt to evaluate the implications of the new forms of work in the sharing economy for female virtual workers, looking at the issue of equal treatment. Secondly, it offers preliminary suggestions regarding a future regulation to improve equality between genders in virtual work. This is the second part of a paper on gender equality in virtual work. The first part (published in the 2018/1 issue of the Hungarian Labour Law E-Journal) defined "virtual work", classified its two basic forms and emphasised the specific traits of this form of work to demonstrate the need of special protection against discrimination. Subsequently, it identified the possible beneficial and adverse implications of virtual work for female workers and gender equality. This second part firstly provides a summary of the gender equality law of the European Union that serves as a point of reference when speaking about antidiscrimination law. Section 2 offers three normative perspectives and suggestions as to how to enhance gender equality in virtual work. Finally, the paper concludes

Gender Equality in Virtual Work I.: Risks

This article focuses on gender equality in virtual work, taking special account of the regulatory challenges. It contributes to broader debates on the workers' situation in the sharing economy in two ways. Firstly, it makes an inaugural attempt to evaluate the implications of the new forms of work in the sharing economy for female virtual workers, looking at the issue of equal treatment. Secondly, it offers preliminary suggestions regarding a future regulation to improve equality between genders in virtual work. The paper is divided into four main parts. The first section defines "virtual work", classifies its two basic forms and emphasises the specific traits of this form of work to demonstrate the need of special protection against discrimination. Secondly, the paper identifies the possible beneficial and adverse implications of virtual work for female workers and gender equality. Thirdly, the paper provides a summary of the gender equality law of the European Union that serves as a point of reference when speaking about antidiscrimination law. Section 4 offers three normative perspectives and suggestions as to how to enhance gender equality in virtual work. Finally, the paper concludes. This first part of this two-part paper concentrates on the risks of virtual work for equal treatment, while the second part is going to address the regulatory options and suggestions

The Vanishing Barter Economy in Russia: A Test of the Virtual Economy Hypothesis? Reply to Barry Ickes

This paper is a reply to Barry Ickes' critique of my paper “Trust versus Illusion: What is Driving Demonetization in Russia?†in which I show that the data reject Barry Ickes' Virtual Economy explanation of barter in Russia in favor of an institutional explanation based on the lack of trust.imperfect input and capital markets; the virtual economy; trade credit; trust; contract enforcement

A VIRTUAL DYNAMIC APPLIED GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL OF AFRICA: SPECIFICATIONS AND SIMULATIONS

AFRICAN ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE HAS BEEN MARKEDLY WORSE THAN THAT OF OTHER REGIONS. THUS, THE GOVERNMENTS OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES HAVE ASSUMED MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ECONOMIC REFORMS AND GROWTH. ALONG WITH THESE RESPONSIBILITIES HAS COME AN INCREASED AWARENESS OF THE INTERRELATEDNESS OF DIFFERENT SECTORS OF A NATIONAL ECONOMY AND THAT OF THE NEED FOR COORDINATION OF POLICIES THAT HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN DEBATED IN TERMS OF THEIR DIRECT IMPACTS ON INDIVIDUAL SECTORS. THEREFORE THIS RESEARCH PAPER PROPOSES A MULTI-REGIONAL DYNAMIC APPLIED GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH TO STUDY A VERY WIDE RANGE OF ECONOMIC PROBLEMS THAT HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PRESENTED IN ISOLATION FROM ONE ANOTHER. AS A RESEARCH OUTPUT, A PROTOTYPE VIRTUAL ECONOMY MODEL OF AFRICA IS DEMONSTRATED.AFRICAN ECONOMY, MULTI-REGIONAL, DYNAMIC APPLIED GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, VIRTUAL ECONOMY, SIMULATIONS

Moving towards the Virtual Economy: A Major Paradigm Shift

This paper investigates some of the underlying forces that are propelling us towards the virtual economy. Special attention is brought to the industrial restructuring that is now taking place, to the role that virtual enterprises are playing in this transition, and to how these enterprises are reconfigurating themselves by acting as product integrators. Ce document présente brièvement les quatre éléments moteurs qui sous-tendent l'économie virtuelle pour examiner ensuite la restructuration industrielle qui prend place actuellement, le rôle des entreprises virtuelles ainsi que la façon dont ces dernières se réorganisent en tant qu'intégrateurs de produits.Virtual economy, virtual enterprises, product integrators, économie virtuelle, entreprises virtuelles, intégrateurs de produits

Stability and Disorder: An Evolutionary Analysis of Russia's Virtual Economy

The hybrid system that the Russian transition has evolved into has been called the virtual economy. This paper analyzes the evolution of the virtual economy. We pay particular attention to the interaction of economic reform policies and the adaptive behavior of enterprise directors. We then analyze the implications of the virtual economy for Russia's stability and development, and place the evolution of the virtual economy into the larger international security context.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39660/3/wp276.pd

Collaborative Educational Systems in the Virtual Environment

The work leads to an original approach to the construction of collaborative systems metrics. The approach is based both on research already conducted by the author, on the experimental results obtained, and the foundation taken from the specific literature. The collaborative systems in knowledgebased economy are formalized and their characteristics are identified. The virtual campus structure is described and a comparison with the classical university is achieved. The architecture of virtual is designed and the categories of agents in virtual campus are analyzed.