1,233 research outputs found
Location Intelligence Application in Digital Data Activity Dimensioning in Smart Cities
AbstractCities around the globe are now following the “smart” trend. Smart cities are complex systems of systems that rely on IT to improve their efficiency in terms of economics or sustainability. Many of the activities involved in this context require data to be transferred via communication networks. However, due to the heterogeneity of the applications involved, different nature traffic patterns and number of connected elements (humans or machines), these data traffic flows become extremely complex to model. This work focuses on the application of location intelligence to simplify the modeling of data networks’ activity in such complex systems. It is essential to describe and understand when and where data is generated to effectively design, plan and manage communication networks. We introduce a model based on traffic generation rules and patterns to be applied over Geographic Information Systems data to create “dynamic data activity heat maps”. These heat maps provide a spatial-temporal overview of the behavior of network data in cities as a whole. In addition, we illustrate the model's application to a specific geographic area of relevance
Development of Geospatial Models for Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Traffic Environmental Impacts of Heavy Vehicle Freight Transportation
Heavy vehicle freight transportation is one of the primary contributors to the socio-economic development, but it has great influence on traffic environment. To comprehensively and more accurately quantify the impacts of heavy vehicles on road infrastructure performance, a series of geospatial models are developed for both geographically global and local assessment of the impacts. The outcomes are applied in flexible multi-criteria decision making for the industrial practice of road maintenance and management
Urban Informatics
This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity
Urban Informatics
This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity
Urban Informatics
This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity
Mobility mining for time-dependent urban network modeling
170 p.Mobility planning, monitoring and analysis in such a complex ecosystem as a city are very challenging.Our contributions are expected to be a small step forward towards a more integrated vision of mobilitymanagement. The main hypothesis behind this thesis is that the transportation offer and the mobilitydemand are greatly coupled, and thus, both need to be thoroughly and consistently represented in a digitalmanner so as to enable good quality data-driven advanced analysis. Data-driven analytics solutions relyon measurements. However, sensors do only provide a measure of movements that have already occurred(and associated magnitudes, such as vehicles per hour). For a movement to happen there are two mainrequirements: i) the demand (the need or interest) and ii) the offer (the feasibility and resources). Inaddition, for good measurement, the sensor needs to be located at an adequate location and be able tocollect data at the right moment. All this information needs to be digitalised accordingly in order to applyadvanced data analytic methods and take advantage of good digital transportation resource representation.Our main contributions, focused on mobility data mining over urban transportation networks, can besummarised in three groups. The first group consists of a comprehensive description of a digitalmultimodal transport infrastructure representation from global and local perspectives. The second groupis oriented towards matching diverse sensor data onto the transportation network representation,including a quantitative analysis of map-matching algorithms. The final group of contributions covers theprediction of short-term demand based on various measures of urban mobility
Examining the geometry of streets through accessibility: new insights from streetspace allocation analysis
This paper describes streetspace allocation analysis, a method that uses street cross-sections to measure footway and carriageway widths and quantify a key parameter of street design citywide. The resulting network-based streetspace allocation metrics are employed on a proof-of-concept study of train station service areas in London, applying shortest-path analysis under a place and walking prioritisation approach. Overall, streetspace allocation statistics for London confirm the citywide predominance of space allocated for vehicular transport over pedestrian uses. A comparison of the current distribution and proposed re-allocation of streetspace on streets near stations allows for the investigation of the effects of streetspace enhancements, which tend to be beneficial in reducing pedestrian movement impedance and extending service areas. The methods presented here can offer valuable analytical capacity for developing new transit-oriented schemes and designing place-based streets that support sustainable transport and sustainable urban development
Modelação da exposição a poluentes tóxicos relacionados com o tráfego
Doutoramento em Ciências e Engenharia do AmbienteAtualmente, a poluição atmosférica constitui uma das principais causas
ambientais de mortalidade. Cerca de 30% da população europeia residente em
áreas urbanas encontra-se exposta a níveis de poluição atmosférica
superiores aos valores- limite de qualidade do ar legislados para proteção da
saúde humana, representando o tráfego rodoviário uma das principais fontes
de poluição urbana. Além dos poluentes tradicionais avaliados em áreas
urbanas, os poluentes classificados como perigosos para a saúde (Hazard Air
Pollutants - HAPs) têm particular relevância devido aos seus conhecidos
efeitos tóxicos e cancerígenos. Neste sentido, a avaliação da exposição tornase
primordial para a determinação da relação entre a poluição atmosférica
urbana e efeitos na saúde.
O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento e
implementação de uma metodologia para avaliação da exposição individual à
poluição atmosférica urbana relacionada com o tráfego rodoviário. De modo a
atingir este objetivo, foram identificados os parâmetros relevantes para a
quantificação de exposição e analisados os atuais e futuros potenciais
impactos na saúde associados com a exposição à poluição urbana. Neste
âmbito, o modelo ExPOSITION (EXPOSure model to traffIc-relaTed aIr
pOllutioN) foi desenvolvido baseado numa abordagem inovadora que envolve
a análise da trajetória dos indivíduos recolhidas por telemóveis com tecnologia
GPS e processadas através da abordagem de data mining e análise geoespacial.
O modelo ExPOSITION considera também uma abordagem
probabilística para caracterizar a variabilidade dos parâmetros microambientais
e a sua contribuição para exposição individual. Adicionalmente, de forma a
atingir os objetivos do estudo foi desenvolvido um novo módulo de cálculo de
emissões de HAPs provenientes do transporte rodoviário.
Neste estudo, um sistema de modelação, incluindo os modelos de transporteemissões-
dispersão-exposição, foi aplicado na área urbana de Leiria para
quantificação de exposição individual a PM2.5 e benzeno. Os resultados de
modelação foram validados com base em medições obtidas por monitorização
pessoal e monitorização biológica verificando-se uma boa concordância entre
os resultados do modelo e dados de medições. A metodologia desenvolvida e
implementada no âmbito deste trabalho permite analisar e estimar a
magnitude, frequência e inter e intra-variabilidade dos níveis de exposição
individual, bem como a contribuição de diferentes microambientes,
considerando claramente a sequência de eventos de exposição e relação
fonte-recetor, que é fundamental para avaliação dos efeitos na saúde e
estudos epidemiológicos. O presente trabalho contribui para uma melhor
compreensão da exposição individual em áreas urbanas, proporcionando
novas perspetivas sobre a exposição individual, essenciais na seleção de
estratégias de redução da exposição à poluição atmosférica urbana, e
consequentes efeitos na saúde.Currently, air pollution represents one of the main environmental causes of
mortality. About 30% of European citizens in urban areas are exposed to air
pollution levels that exceed the air quality limits set by the legislation for the
protection of human health, with road transport being the most significant
pollution source. In addition to the traditional air pollutants evaluated in urban
areas, the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) has been the subject of particular
concern because of their known toxic and carcinogenic effects. In this sense, the
evaluation of exposure becomes essential in determining the relationship
between urban air pollution and health effects.
The main objective of the current study is the development and implementation
of a consistent approach for the quantification of individual exposure to trafficrelated
air pollutants. For this purpose, relevant parameters of exposure
quantification were identified and the current and future potential impacts on
human health associated with exposure to urban air pollution were analysed. In
this context, the ExPOSITION model (EXPOSure model to traffIc-relaTed aIr)
was developed by using a novel approach based on the trajectory analysis of
the individuals collected by mobile phones with GPS and processed using the
data mining approach and geo-spatial analysis within GIS. Also, the
ExPOSITION model considers a probabilistic approach to characterize the
variability of microenvironmental parameters and its contribution to personal
exposure. Additionally, in order to achieve the objectives of the current study, a
new module to quantify emissions of traffic-related HAPs was developed.
In this study, a modelling system, including transport-emissions-dispersionexposure
models was applied to the Leiria urban area for quantification of
individual exposure to PM2.5 and benzene. The modelling results were validated
based on measurements obtained by personal monitoring and biological
monitoring evidencing a good agreement between the model results and
measurement data. The methodology developed and implemented in this work
allows to estimate and analyse the magnitude, frequency and the inter and intravariability
of personal exposure levels, as well as the contribution of different
microenvironments, clearly addressing the sequence of exposure events and
source-receptor relationship, which is essential for health impact assessment
and epidemiological studies. This research work contributes to a better
understanding of individual exposure in urban areas, providing new perspectives
on individual exposure, essential in the selection of strategies to reduce
exposure to urban air pollution and related health effects
Smart urban development suitability analysis based on power utility infrastructure capacity : a case of City of Johannesburg
Abstract: The assessment and understanding of spatial energy patterns play a critical contribution for the overall planning of smart-energy efficiency solutions within cities. This study therefore seeks to project a model that structures the City of Johannesburg’s planning efforts to practice smart spatial energy initiatives of optimization and efficiency regarding the power utility sector in relation to the city growth. In doing this, the background pertaining to the city’s efforts in adopting smart energy principle was key in overseeing the general status quo and exertions. Overlapping from this was the assessment of the synergy between land use and form with spatial energy. Using three time-series satellite scenes (Landsat TM (2000 and 2008) and ETM+ (2017)), clarification pertaining to how the city had developed in relation to the spatial energy was possible and key as the projection of where future growth was most likely to take place, was invigorated and to an extent, informed the subsequent modelling analysis. The analysis of the data revealed the efforts of the city in attaining smart energy principles, however, these efforts lack institutional support across all spheres. Additional analysis regarding the synergy of land use and built form in relation to the city’s spatial energy point out to how the majority of the built form within Region F is under-capacitated. Most of the densified land uses are central – with Region D accounting the most. This has serious implications regarding future energy supply and demand dynamics that the city has to address. The model with the urban growth projection for the year 2047 was generated using the IDRISI software. This served as a functional framework for the model and the growth generated was predominantly densely central and located towards the northern regions where access to power was abundant and efficient. The overall findings of the research seek to provide contributions to the field of urban planning in understanding the dynamics between spatial energy and urban growth.M.A. (Sustainable Urban Planning and Development
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