Intercambio estuario-ría de elementos traza en el sistema costero de la ría de Vigo (NO Península Ibérica)

[EN] Little research has been done on the land-sea exchange of trace elements, which is particularly applicable to ria coasts. In particular, trace metal enrichment in the inner part of the Ria of Vigo (the San Simon Inlet) has been observed from sediment studies but there is no information about Cd, Pb and Zn fluxes through the Rande Strait, which is the natural boundary of the estuary-ria water exchange. In order to assess metal exchanges in a ria-type system, six sampling cruises on board the R/V Mytilus (IIM-CSIC) were carried out. Water column profiles of salinity, temperature and tidal currents were obtained every 30 min. The water column for dissolved and particulate metals was sampled every two hours over a complete tidal cycle. Dissolved metal concentrations were 0.01–0.18 nM for Cd, 0.5-1.9 nM for Pb and 4-44 nM for Zn. Compared with Zn (16±12%) and especially with Cd (5.4±5.0%), particulate metal represented a significant fraction of the total concentration for Pb (41±21%). Net fluxes of dissolved Cd and Zn are higher than in the particulate phase, whereas for Pb an inverse situation was observed. The net metal exchange in the Vigo estuary-ria environment was not seasonally controlled. Dissolved Cd and Pb were driven by tidal ranges and particulate Pb by the Oitavén River flow. On the other hand, Zn did not show a defined trend. The budgets obtained for the Ria of Vigo, with the exception of Pb, were one or two orders of magnitude lower than those measured in other large European estuaries[ES] Intercambio estuario-ría de elementos traza en el sistema costero de la ría de Vigo (NO península Ibérica). – Existen pocos estudios sobre los elementos traza en el intercambio tierra-océano, lo que es especialmente aplicable a las zonas costeras de las rías. En particular, respecto a la ría de Vigo se ha observado un enriquecimiento de metales traza en sedimentos pero se carece de información acerca de los flujos de Cd, Pb y Zn a través del estrecho de Rande, que es la frontera natural para el intercambio estuario-ría. A fin de evaluar este tipo de intercambios se realizaron seis campañas oceanográficas a bordo del B/I Mytilus (IIM-CSIC) para cuantificar los flujos de Cd, Pb y Zn en diferentes estaciones del año. Se obtuvieron perfiles verticales de salinidad, temperatura y corrientes cada 30 min en el centro del estrecho de Rande durante un ciclo de marea. Además, se recogieron muestras de agua en cuatro niveles cada 2h. Las concentraciones de metales disueltos oscilaron entre 0.01 y 0.18 nM para Cd, 0.5 y 1.9 nM para Pb y 4 y 44 nM para Zn. Los metales particulados supusieron una fracción pequeña respecto del contenido total de metal (5.4±5.0% para Cd y 16±12% para zinc) salvo para el plomo (41±21%). Los flujos netos de Cd y Zn disuelto fueron superiores a los del particulado mientras que para Pb ocurrió lo contrario. El intercambio de metales en el entorno estuario-ría no parece depender de las estaciones del año sino de la altura de la marea en el caso de Cd y Pb disuelto y del caudal fluvial para Pb particulado mientras que Zn no presentó una tendencia definida. Excepto para Pb, los balances obtenidos son de uno a dos órdenes de magnitud inferiores a los de otros estuarios europeos.Peer reviewe

Activation of the Thiazide-Sensitive Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter by Beta3-Adrenoreceptor in the Distal Convoluted Tubule

We previously showed that the beta-3 adrenergic receptor (BAR3) is expressed in most segments of the nephron where its agonism promotes a potent antidiuretic effect. We localized BAR3 in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells expressing the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC). Aim of this study is to investigate the possible functional role of BAR3 on NCC modulation in DCT cells. Here, we found that, in mice, the knockout of BAR3 was paralleled by a significant attenuation of NCC phosphorylation, paralleled by reduced expression and activation of STE-20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and WNKs the main kinases involved in NCC activation. Conversely, in BAR1/2 knockout mice, we found reduced NCC abundance with no changes in the phosphorylation state of NCC. Moreover, selective BAR3 agonism promotes both SPAK and NCC activation in wild-type mouse kidney slices. In conclusion, our findings suggest a novel role for BAR3 in the regulation of NCC in DCT

Activation of the Thiazide-Sensitive Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter by Beta3-Adrenoreceptor in the Distal Convoluted Tubule

We previously showed that the beta-3 adrenergic receptor (BAR3) is expressed in most segments of the nephron where its agonism promotes a potent antidiuretic effect. We localized BAR3 in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells expressing the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC). Aim of this study is to investigate the possible functional role of BAR3 on NCC modulation in DCT cells. Here, we found that, in mice, the knockout of BAR3 was paralleled by a significant attenuation of NCC phosphorylation, paralleled by reduced expression and activation of STE-20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and WNKs the main kinases involved in NCC activation. Conversely, in BAR1/2 knockout mice, we found reduced NCC abundance with no changes in the phosphorylation state of NCC. Moreover, selective BAR3 agonism promotes both SPAK and NCC activation in wild-type mouse kidney slices. In conclusion, our findings suggest a novel role for BAR3 in the regulation of NCC in DCT

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and nitric-oxide release studies of a novel series of celecoxib prodrugs possessing a nitric-oxide donor moiety

A new group of hybrid nitric oxide-releasing anti-inflammatory drugs (NONO-coxibs), in which an O2 ‑acetoxymethyl-1-(N-ethyl-N-methylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate NO-donor moiety is attached directly to the carboxylic acid group of 1-(4-aminosulfonylphenyl)-5-aryl-1H-pyrazol-3-carboxylic acids (6a–c), were synthesized. A low amount of NO was released from the diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate compounds 6a–c upon incubation with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 (range: pH 7.97–8.51), whereas, the percentage of NO released was significantly higher (84.5%–85.05% of the theoretical maximal release of two molecules of NO/molecule of the parent hybrid ester prodrug) when the diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate ester prodrugs were incubated in the presence of rat serum. These incubation studies demonstrated that both NO and the anti-inflammatory 1-(4-aminosulfonylphenyl)-5-(4-H, 4-F or 4-Me-phenyl)-1H‑pyrazol-3-carboxylic acid (4a–c) would be released from the parent NONO-coxib upon in vivo cleavage by non-specific serum esterases. The parent compounds 4a-c displayed good antiinflammatory effects (ID50=81.4–112.4 mg/kg p.o.) between those exhibited by the reference drugs, aspirin (ID50=114.3 mg/kg p.o.) and celecoxib (ID50=12.6 mg/kg p.o.). Hybrid ester anti-inflammatory/NO-donor prodrugs (NONO‑coxibs) offer a potential drug-design concept directed toward the development of antiinflammatory drugs that are lacking adverse ulcerogenic and/or cardiovascular effects

Morin Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effects on IL-1β-Stimulated Human Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes by Activating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

Background/Aims: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease that is associated with inflammation in joints. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of morin on human osteoarthritis chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1β. Methods: The levels of NO and PGE2 were measured by the Griess method and ELISA. The levels of MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13 were also measured by ELISA. Results: The results revealed that IL-1β significantly increased the production of NO, PGE2, MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13. Additionally, the increases were significantly attenuated by treatment with morin. Furthermore, IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation was suppressed by morin. In addition, the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased by morin and knockdown of Nrf2 could prevent the anti-inflammatory effects of morin. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study suggested that morin attenuated IL-1β-induced inflammation by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway

Pós-verdade e Distopia

In our post-modern society a new concept has emerged significantly: posttruth. For the Oxford English Dictionary, the adjective post-truth refers to circumstances that indicate that objective facts have less infl uence on the formation of public opinion than emotional appeals and personal beliefs. It does not seem very likely that Donald Trump has read philosophers such POSVERDAD Y DISTOPÍA | 675 as Jacques Derrida or Michel Foucault, however the connection, fostered by them, between post-truth and an atmosphere of post-modern thought, is clear. Aside from Trump’s unfounded fake-news and the Brexiters, the intensification of misleading campaigns in other countries such as Russia, Hungary or Turkey continues to be denounced. Also, in Spain we must notice the so-called ‘procés’ in Catalonia. The novelistic genre of dystopia has already a broad corpus. The post-truth issue finds its first dystopian basis in the novel 1984 by George Orwell, published in 1949, although the first book in the series was We by Yevgueni Zamiatin, in 1924. Between both dystopias, Aldous Huxley published Brave New World, in 1932, whose title taken from Shakespeare suggests a seemingly kind tyranny, but in it post-truth also appeEn nuestra sociedad posmoderna ha surgido con fuerza un nuevo concepto: la posverdad. Para el diccionario Oxford, post-truth es un adjetivo referido a circunstancias que denotan que los hechos objetivos infl uyen menos en la formación de la opinión pública que los llamamientos a la emoción y las creencias personales. No parece muy probable que Donald Trump haya sido lector de filósofos como Jacques Derrida o Michel Foucault. Pero es evidente la conexión entre la posverdad y un clima de pensamiento posmoderno por ellos propiciado. Aparte de los bulos de Trump y los brexiters, no deja de denunciarse la intensificación de campañas desinformativas en otros países como Rusia, Hungría o Turquía. Y en España hay que reparar simplemente en el llamado procés en Cataluña. El género novelístico de las distopias cuenta ya con un cumplido corpus. Este asunto de la posverdad encuentra su primera fundamentación distópica en la novela 1984 de George Orwell, publicada en 1949, aunque la primera obra de la serie fue Nosotros de Evgueni Zamiatin, de 1924. Entre ambas distopias, Aldous Huxley había publicado Brave New World, de 1932, cuyo título tomado de Shakespeare sugiere una tiranía aparentemente amable. Pero en ella funciona ya, asimismo, la posverdad.Na nossa sociedade pós-moderna, um novo conceito surgiu com força: o de pós-verdade. Segundo o Dicionário Oxford, post-truth é um adjetivo que qualifica circunstâncias que denotam que os factos objetivos têm muito menos influência na formação da opinião pública do que os apelos à emoção e às crenças pessoais. Não parece plausível que Donald Trump tenha sido leitor de filósofos como Jacques Derrida ou Michel Foucault. É, contudo, evidente a ligação entre a pós-verdade e um clima de pensamento pós-moderno por eles propiciado. À parte os embustes de Trump e dos Brexiters, não deixa de denunciar-se a intensificação de campanhas desinfomativas noutros países como a Rússia, Hungria ou Turquia. E em Espanha, olhe-se para o chamado processo em Catalunha. O género romanesco das distopias conta já com um corpus considerável. Este assunto da pós-verdade encontra a sua primeira fundamentação distópica no romance 1984 de George Orwell, publicado em 1949, embora a primeira obra da série tenha sido Nós de Evgueni Zamiatin, de 1924. Entre ambas as distopias, Aldous Huxley tinha publicado Admirável Mundo Novo, de 1932, cujo título, tomado de Shakespeare, sugere uma tirania aparentemente amável. Porém, nela funciona já a pós-verdade

Chondroprotective actions of selective COX-2 inhibitors in vivo: A systematic review

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition mainly characterized by cartilage degradation. Currently, no effective treatment exists to slow down the progression of OA-related cartilage damage. Selective COX-2 inhibitors may, next to their pain killing properties, act chondroprotective in vivo. To determine whether the route of administration is important for the efficacy of the chondroprotective properties of selective COX-2 inhibitors, a systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies investigating OA-related cartilage damage of selective COX-2 inhibitors in vivo were included. Nine of the fourteen preclinical studies demonstrated chondroprotective effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors using systemic administration. Five clinical studies were included and, although in general non-randomized, failed to demonstrate chondroprotective actions of oral selective COX-2 inhibitors. All of the four preclinical studies using bolus intra-articular injections demonstrated chondroprotective actions, while one of the three preclinical studies using a slow release system demonstrated chondroprotective actions. Despite the limited evidence in clinical studies that have used the oral administration route, there seems to be a preclinical basis for considering selective COX-2 inhibitors as disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs when used intra-articularly. Intra-articularly injected selective COX-2 inhibitors may hold the potential to provide chondroprotective effects in vivo in clinical studies