A survey on gas leakage source detection and boundary tracking with wireless sensor networks

Gas leakage source detection and boundary tracking of continuous objects have received a significant research attention in the academic as well as the industries due to the loss and damage caused by toxic gas leakage in large-scale petrochemical plants. With the advance and rapid adoption of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the last decades, source localization and boundary estimation have became the priority of research works. In addition, an accurate boundary estimation is a critical issue due to the fast movement, changing shape, and invisibility of the gas leakage compared with the other single object detections. We present various gas diffusion models used in the literature that offer the effective computational approaches to measure the gas concentrations in the large area. In this paper, we compare the continuous object localization and boundary detection schemes with respect to complexity, energy consumption, and estimation accuracy. Moreover, this paper presents the research directions for existing and future gas leakage source localization and boundary estimation schemes with WSNs

A pragmatic approach to area coverage in hybrid wireless sensor networks

Success of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) largely depends on whether the deployed network can provide desired area coverage with acceptable network lifetime. In hostile or harsh environments such as enemy territories in battlefields, fire or chemical spills, it is impossible to deploy the sensor nodes in a predeter- mined regular topology to guarantee adequate coverage. Random deployment is thus more practical and feasible for large target areas. On the other hand, random deployment of sensors is highly susceptible to the occurrence of coverage holes in the target area. A potential solution for enhancing the existing coverage achieved by random deployments involves the use of mobility capable sensors that would help fill the coverage holes. This thesis seeks to address the problem of determining the current coverage achieved by the non-deterministic deployment of static sensor nodes and subsequently enhancing the coverage using mobile sensors. The main contributions of this dissertation are the design and evaluation of MAPC (Mobility Assisted Probabilistic Coverage), a distributed protocol for ensuring area coverage in hybrid wireless sensor networks. The primary contribution is a pragmatic approach to sensor coverage and maintenance that we hope would lower the technical barriers to its field deployment. Most of the assumptions made in the MAPC protocol are realistic and implementable in real-life applications e.g., practical boundary estimation, coverage calculations based on a realistic sensing model, and use of movement triggering thresholds based on real radio characteristics etc. The MAPC is a comprehensive three phase protocol. In the first phase, the static sensors calculate the area coverage using the Probabilistic Coverage Algorithm (PCA). This is a deviation from the idealistic assumption used in the binary detection model, wherein a sensor can sense accurately within a well defined (usually circular) region. Static sensors execute the PCA algorithm, in a distributed way, to identify any holes in the coverage. In the second phase, MAPC scheme moves the mobile nodes in an optimal manner to fill these uncovered locations. For different types of initial deployments, the proposed movement algorithms consume only 30-40% of the energy consumed by the basic virtual force algorithm. In addition, this thesis addresses the problem of coverage loss due to damaged and energy depleted nodes. The problem has been formulated as an Integer Linear Program and implementable heuristics are developed that perform close to optimal solutions. By replacing in-operational nodes in phase three, MAPC scheme ensures the continuous operation of the WSN. Experiments with real mote hardware were conducted to validate the boundary and coverage estimation part of the MAPC protocol. Extensive discrete event simulations (using NS2) were also performed for the complete MAPC protocol and the results demonstrate that MAPC can enhance and maintain the area coverage by efficiently moving mobile sensor nodes to strategic positions in the uncovered area

Analysis of the energy latency trade-off in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) haben im letzten Jahrzehnt eine erhebliche Aufmerksamkeit erlangt. Diese Netzwerke zeichnen sich durch begrenzte Energieressourcen der Sensorknoten aus. Daher ist Energieeffizienz ein wichtiges Thema in Systemdesign und -betrieb von WSNs. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf großflächige Anwendungen von WSNs wie Umwelt- oder Lebensraumüberwachung, die in der Regel den Ad-hoc-Einsatz von Knoten in großen Anzahl erfordern. Ad-hoc-Einsatz und Budgetbeschränkungen hindern Entwickler an der Programmierung der Knoten mit zusätzlichen Informationen wie beispielsweise Routingtabellen, Positionskoordinaten, oder Netzwerkgrenzen. Um diese Informationen zu beschaffen, ist es üblich verschiedene Initialisierungsschemen mit erheblichen Auswirkungen auf den Energieverbrauch und den Programmieraufwand zu implementieren. In Anbetracht dieser Beschränkungen ist ein neues Paradigma für die Initialisierung und den Betrieb von WSNs notwendig, das sich durch einfachen Einsatz und minimalen Energieaufwand auszeichnet. In dieser Arbeit nutzen wir Sink-Mobilität, um den Initialisierungsoverhead und den operativen Overhead zu reduzieren. Unser erster großer Beitrag ist ein Boundary Identification Schema für WSNs mit dem Namen "Mobile Sink based Boundary Detection" (MoSBoD). Es nutzt die Sink-Mobilität um den Kommunikationsoverhead der Sensorknoten zu reduzieren, was zu einer Erhöhung der Laufzeit des WSN führt. Außerdem entstehen durch das Schema keine Einschränkungen in Bezug auf Nodeplacement, Kommunikationsmodell, oder Ortsinformationen der Knoten. Der zweite große Beitrag ist das Congestion avoidance low Latency and Energy efficient (CaLEe) Routingprotokoll für WSNs. CaLEe basiert auf der virtuellen Partitionierung eines Sensorsbereich in Sektoren und der diskreten Mobilität der Sink im WSN. Unsere Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass CaLEe, im Vergleich zum derzeitigen State-of-the-art, nicht nur eine erhebliche Reduzierung der durchschnittlichen Energy Dissipation per Node erzielt, sondern auch eine geringere durchschnittliche End-to-End Data Latency in realistischen Szenarien erreicht. Darüber hinaus haben wir festgestellt, dass kein einziges Protokoll in der Lage ist, eine Best-Case-Lösung (minimale Data Latency und minimale Energy Dissipation) für variierende Netzwerkkonfigurationen, die beispielsweise mithilfe der Parameter Kommunikationsbereich der Nodes, Nodedichte, Durchsatz des Sensorfelds definiert werden können, bieten. Daher ist der dritte Hauptbeitrag dieser Arbeit die Identifikation von (auf unterschiedlichen Netzwerkkonfigurationen basierenden) „Operational Regions“, in denen einzelne Protokolle besser arbeiten als andere. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, dass diese Dissertation das klassische Energieeffizienzproblem der WSNs (Ressource-begrenzte Knoten) aufgreift und gleichzeitig die End-to-End Data Latency auf einen annehmbaren Rahmen eingrenzt.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have gained a considerable attention over the last decade. These networks are characterized by limited amount of energy supply at sensor node. Hence, energy efficiency is an important issue in system design and operation of WSN. This thesis focuses on large-scale applications of WSN, such as environment or habitat monitoring that usually requires ad-hoc deployment of the nodes in large numbers. Ad-hoc deployment and budget constraints restrict developers from programming the nodes with information like routing tables, position coordinates of the node, boundary of the network. In order to acquire this information, state-of-the-art is to program nodes with various initialization schemes that are heavy both from WSN’s (energy consumption) and programmer’s perspectives (programming effort). In view of these particular constraints, we require a new paradigm for WSN initialization and operation, which should be easy to deploy and have minimal energy demands. In this thesis, we exploit sink mobility to reduce the WSN initialization and operational overhead. Our first major contribution is a boundary identification scheme for WSN, named “Mobile Sink based Boundary detection” (MoSBoD). It exploits the sink mobility to remove the communication overhead from the sensor nodes, which leads to an increase in the lifetime of the WSN. Furthermore, it does not impose any restrictions on node placement, communication model, or location information of the nodes. The second major contribution is Congestion avoidance low Latency and Energy efficient (CaLEe) routing protocol for WSN. CaLEe is based on virtual partitioning of a sensor field into sectors and discrete mobility of the sink in the WSN. Our simulation results showed that CaLEe not only achieve considerable reduction in average energy dissipation per node compared to current state-of-the-art routing protocols but also accomplish lesser average end-to-end data latency under realistic scenarios. Furthermore, we observe that no single protocol is capable of providing best-case solution (minium data latency and minimum energy dissipation) under varying network configurations, which can be defined using communication range of the nodes, node density, throughput of the sensor field etc. Therefore, the third major contribution of this thesis is the identification of operational regions (based on varying network configurations) where one protocol performs better than the other. In summary, this thesis revisits the classic energy efficiency problem of a WSN (that have resource-limited nodes) while keeping end-to-end data latency under acceptable bounds

Intelligent Sensor Networks

In the last decade, wireless or wired sensor networks have attracted much attention. However, most designs target general sensor network issues including protocol stack (routing, MAC, etc.) and security issues. This book focuses on the close integration of sensing, networking, and smart signal processing via machine learning. Based on their world-class research, the authors present the fundamentals of intelligent sensor networks. They cover sensing and sampling, distributed signal processing, and intelligent signal learning. In addition, they present cutting-edge research results from leading experts

Architecture for multi-technology real-time location systems

[Abstract] Indoor localization is a problem that has generated much interest in recent years. Proximity marketing, eHealth, smart-parking and smart-cities, security and emergency units, logistics management, or industrial control systems are some pf the sectors that have demanded new Location Based Services (LBSs). These services are usually implemented using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), capable of transmitting and receiving Radio Frequency (RF) signals in order to locate mobile devices attached to vehicles, people, or animals. While systems based on satellite systems such as GPS work correctly in outdoor scenarios, indoor localization is still a challenging field of study. On one hand, signal propagation problems are common, not only due to reflections and scattering due to the building structures, but also because of signal attenuation and fading caused mainly by people in movement. To overcome these issues, most of the approaches use several WSNs with a combination of multiple wireless technologies, such asWiFi, ZigBee or Bluetooth, some of them also available in mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. On the other hand, data received from multiple devices must be filtered and combined by means of location algorithms and techniques in order to obtain precise and robust Real-Time Location Systems (RTLSs). Therefore, it is common to implement hybrid location systems with support for several technologies at the same time. Nevertheless, the development of such systems entails a huge complexity. Thus, one of most widely accepted alternatives is the implementation of software architectures for localization, which provide several benefits. First, accessing to different kinds of hardware devices entails fewer platform and technology restrictions. Second, some common tasks are easier to perform, such as sensor data gathering and storage. Finally, architectures provide utilities for adding and retrieving localization data, user management, or the possibility of using several mapping and coordinate systems. In this work, we present several solutions for implementing software architectures for localization. First, we propose a mono-technology architecture using only Received Signal Strength (RSS) signal levels for ranging, which evolves into a much more complete multitechnology architecture in a second stage. The proposed approaches implement several functionalities that resolve most of the hybrid RTLS system requirements, such as: • Multi-technology. • Support for several coordinate systems and mapping applications. • Data fusion. • Protection and security for both data and user access. • Standardized API for remote access. • Support for off-line data queries, not only on-line data and in real-time. • Depending on different user roles, it eases their tasks at different access levels: registration of WSNs, building blueprints, anchor and mobile node networks registration, generic sensor support, addition and retrieval of measurements and raw sensor data, multiple query support for filtered position estimations, etc. Moreover, we also contributed with different WSN physical layer implementations and experiments. And, due to collaborations with other research groups at different universities we have contributed with a customized hardware and software solution for localization based on RFID technology, as well as with the design of new antenna models based on linear-arrays of Electromagnetically Coupled Patchs (ECPs), valid for improving the WSN communication performance.[Resumo]O problema da localización no interior de edificios foi adquirindo cada vez máis importancia nos últimos anos debido á enorme demanda de novos servizos baseados en localización (LBSs). que apareeeron en todo tipo de sectores como eHealth. marketing por proximidade. smartparking e smart--cities. seguridade e emerxencias. loxística ou control industrial, entre outros. Estes sistemas habitualmente estan baseados na implementación de redes de sensores sen fíos (WSN) capaces de transmitir ou recibir sinais de radio (RF) para localizar dispositivos móbiles. xeralmente adheridos a vehículos. persoas ou animais. Menlres que en exteriores os sistemas de satélites baseados en tecnoloxías corno GPS funcionan correctamente na maioría de entornos. a localización en interiores non é unha tarefa sinxela de resolver e afnda inelúe múltiples retos. Principalmente aparecen problemas de propagación debido ás reflexións e rebotes dos sinais nas estruturas dos edificios. pero tarDén debido a atenuaci6ns e apantallamentos ocasionados xeralrnente por xente en movemento. Para resolver estes problemac;; é necesario implementar ac;; redes de sensores utilizando unha ou varias tecnoloxías sen fíos (como WiFi. ZigBee ou Bluetooth). a1gunhas delas disponibles en terminais sen fíos como smartphones ou tablets. Pero. por outra parte. tamén é necesario o uso de múltiples algoritmos e técnicas de localización para filtrar e posiblemente combinar os datos destas tecnoloxías. permitindo obter así sistemas de localización en tempo real (RTLS) robustos e coa maior precisión posible. Deste xeito. a aproximación máis usual na actualidade para resolver estos problemas é a implementación de sistemas de localización híbridos que soporten múltiples tecnoloxías simultaneamente. Nembargantes. O desenvolvemento destes sistemas leva implícito unha gran complexidade. Unha das alternativas comunmente aceptada é a implementación dunha arquitectura de software para localización, a cal ofrece varias vantaxes. En primeiro lugar, permite minimizar o número de restricci6ns multi-plataforma e multi-tecnoloxía á hora de acceder a distintos tipos de dispositivos hardware. En segundo lugar. facilítase a realización de tarefas comúns como a recolección e o almacenamento das medicións de sensores. Ademais, proporcinánse mecanismos para inserir e recuperar datos de localización ase como xestión de usuarios ou manipulación de múltiple" sistemas de mapas e coordenadas. Neste traballo presentamos varias solucións á hora de implementar arquitecturas de software para localización. comenzando por unha mono-tecnoloxía baseada unicarnente na recolección de niveis de sinal RSS, que evoluciona posteriormente a unha arquitectura multi-tecnoloxía. As solucións propostas ofrecen diferentes funcionalidades que resolven moitos dos problemas asociados aos sistemas híbridos RTLS, entre as que podemos destacar: • Multi-tecnoloxía. • Soporte de múltiples sistemas de coordenadas e de aplicacións de mapas. • Fusión de datos. • Protección e seguridad, tanto de datos como de acceso de usuarios. • API estandarizado para acceso remoto. • Soporte de consultas de datos off-line, non só on-line e en tempo real. • Facilidade de uso para os diferentes usuarios que utilicen a plataforma mediante chamadas a varios niveis: rexistro de WSNs, planos de edificios, rexistro de redes de áncoras e de nodos móviles, soporte de sensores xenéricos, inserción e consulta de medici6ns e de datos sensoriais en ero. inserción e consulta de posicións estimadas por algoritmos de localización, etc. Tamén contribuimos con múltiples implementacións da capa física de WSNs e experimentos. E grazas á colaboración con outros grupos de investigación de diferentes universidades puidemos, por unha parte, contribuir cunha solución de hardware e software para localización baseada en tecnoloxía RFID e, por outra parte, no deseño de novos modelos de antenas baseados en arrays lineais de ECPs, válidos para mellorar o rendemento das comunicacións en WSNs.[Resumen] El problema de la localización en el interior de edificios ha ido adquiriendo cada vez más importancia en los últimos años debido a la enorme demanda de nuevos servicios basados en localización (LBSs), que han ido apareciendo en la industria en sectores de todo tipo como eHeallb, marketing por proximidad, smart-parking y smart-cities, seguridad y emergeocias, logística o control industrial, entre otros. Estos sistemas habitualmeote se basan en la implementación de redes de sensores inalámbricos (WSN) capaces de transmitir o recibir señales de radio (RF) para localizar dispositivos móviles, generalmente adheridos a vehículos, personas o artimales. Mientras que en exteriores los sistemas satelitales basados en tecnologías como GPS funcionan correctamente en la mayoría de entornos, la localización en inleriores todavía plantea múltiples retos y no es una tarea sencilla de resolver. Principalmente aparecen problemas de propagación debido a los reflejos y rebotes de las sefiales en las estructuras de los edificios, pero también debido a atenuaciones y apantallamientos ocasionados generalmente por gente en movimiento. Para resolver estos problemas es necesario implementar Jas redes de sensores utilizando una o varias tecnologías inalámbricas (como pueden ser WiFí, ZigBee o Bluetooth), algunas de ellas disportibles en terminales inalámbricos como smartphones o tablets. Pero, por otra parte, también es necesario el uso de múltiples algoritmos y técnicas de localización, para filtrar y posiblemente combinar los datos de estas tecnologías, permitiendo obtener así sistemas de localización en tiempo real (RTLS) robustos y con la mayor precisión posible. De este modo, la aproximación más usual en la actualidad para resolver estos problemas es la implementación de sistemas de localización híbridos que soporten múltiples tecnologías simultáneamente. No obstante, el desarrollo de estos sistemas lleva implícito una gran complejidad. Una de las alternativas comúnmente aceptada es la implementación de una arquitectura de software para localización, que ofrece varias ventajas. En primer lugar, permite minimizar el número de restricciones multi-plataforma y multi-tecnología a la hora de acceder a distintos tipos de dispositivos hardware. En segundo lugar, se facilitan tareas comunes como la recolección y almacenamiento de las mediciones de los sensores. Además. se proveen mecanismos para insertar y recuperar datos de localización así como gestión de usuarios o manejo de múltiples sistemas de mapas y coordenadas. En este trabajo presentamos varias soluciones a la hora de implementar arquitecturas de software para localización, empezando por una mono-tecnología basada únicamente en la recoleccion de niveles de señal RSS, que se evoluciona posteriormente a una arquitectura mllltitecnología. Las soluciones propuestas ofrecen diferentes funcionalidades que resuelven muchos de los problemas asociados a los sistemas híbridos RTLS, entre las que podemos destacar: Multi-tecnología. Soporte de múltiples sistemas de coordenadas y de aplicaciones de mapas. • Fusión de datos. • Protección y seguridad, tanto de datos como de acceso de usuarios. • API estandarizado para acceso remoto. • Soporte de consultas de datos off-line, no solo on-line y en tiempo real. • Facilidad de uso para los diferentes usuarios que utilicen la plataforma, mediante llamadas a varios rtiveles: registro de WSNs, planos de edificios, registro de redes de anchors y de nodos móviles, soporte de sensores genéricos, inserción y consulta de mediciones y de datos sensoriales en crudo, inserción y consulta de posiciones estimadas por algoritmos de localización, etc. También contribuimos con múltiples implementaciones de la capa física de WSNs y experimentos. y gracias a la colaboración Con otros grupos de investigación de diferentes universidades hemos podido, por una parte, contribuir con una soluciÓn de hardware y software para localización basada en tecnología RFID y, por otra parte, en el diseño de nuevos modelos de antenas basados en arrays lineales de ECPs, válidos para mejorar el rendimiento de las comunicaciones en WSNs

Automatic triangulation positioning system for wide area coverage from a fixed sensors network

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonIn a wide area that many Transmitters (TRs) operate, systems of Fixed Sensors (FS) might be used in order to detect them and find TRs position. The detection and the accurate location of a new TR entering in the area frequently can be missed if the system fails to triangulate accurately the relative readings and analyze the changes in the received data. Additionally, there are cases that a Triangulation Station Network (TSN) can detect the heading as well as the transmitter’s position wrong. This thesis presents the design of a Sensors Network (FSN) system which is able to interact with a user, and exploit the relative data of the Sensors (SRs) in real time. The system performs localization with triangulation and the SRs are detect only TRs bearing data (range free). System design and algorithms are also explained. Efficient algorithms were elaborated and the outcomes of their implementation were calculated. The system design targets to reduce system errors and increase the accuracy and the speed of detection. Synchronously and through interaction with the user and changes of relative settings and parameters will be able to offer the user accurate results on localization of TRs in the area minimizing false readings and False Triangulations (FTRNs). The system also enables the user to apply optimization techniques in order to increase the system detection rate and performance and keep the surveillance in the Field of Interest (FoI) on a high level. The optimization methodology applied for the system proves that the FSN system is able to operate with a high performance even when saturation phenomena appear. The unique outcome of the research conducted, is that this thesis paves the way to enhance the localization via Triangulation for a network of Fixed Sensors with known position. The value of this thesis is that the FSN system performs bearing only detection (Range free) with a certain accuracy and the Area of Interest (AOI) is covered efficiently

Intelligent Circuits and Systems

ICICS-2020 is the third conference initiated by the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at Lovely Professional University that explored recent innovations of researchers working for the development of smart and green technologies in the fields of Energy, Electronics, Communications, Computers, and Control. ICICS provides innovators to identify new opportunities for the social and economic benefits of society.　 This conference bridges the gap between academics and R&D institutions, social visionaries, and experts from all strata of society to present their ongoing research activities and foster research relations between them. It provides opportunities for the exchange of new ideas, applications, and experiences in the field of smart technologies and finding global partners for future collaboration. The ICICS-2020 was conducted in two broad categories, Intelligent Circuits & Intelligent Systems and Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering

Smart Wireless Sensor Networks

The recent development of communication and sensor technology results in the growth of a new attractive and challenging area - wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A wireless sensor network which consists of a large number of sensor nodes is deployed in environmental fields to serve various applications. Facilitated with the ability of wireless communication and intelligent computation, these nodes become smart sensors which do not only perceive ambient physical parameters but also be able to process information, cooperate with each other and self-organize into the network. These new features assist the sensor nodes as well as the network to operate more efficiently in terms of both data acquisition and energy consumption. Special purposes of the applications require design and operation of WSNs different from conventional networks such as the internet. The network design must take into account of the objectives of specific applications. The nature of deployed environment must be considered. The limited of sensor nodes� resources such as memory, computational ability, communication bandwidth and energy source are the challenges in network design. A smart wireless sensor network must be able to deal with these constraints as well as to guarantee the connectivity, coverage, reliability and security of network's operation for a maximized lifetime. This book discusses various aspects of designing such smart wireless sensor networks. Main topics includes: design methodologies, network protocols and algorithms, quality of service management, coverage optimization, time synchronization and security techniques for sensor networks

A Novel Communication Approach For Wireless Mobile Smart Objects

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007Telsiz ağlar gezgin kullanıcılara nerede olduklarına bağlı olmadan her yerde iletişim kurma ve bilgiye erişim imkanı sağlar. Hiçbir sabit altyapıya gerek duymadan bu imkanı sağlayan tasarsız ağların zaman içinde gelişmesiyle, askeri, ticari ve özel maksatlar için tercih edilir hale gelmiştir. Diğer yandan, bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmeler ağ elemanlarını daha küçük ve ucuz hale getirdikçe birçok uygulamanın vazgeçilmez parçaları olmuşlardır. Bu ağ elemanları, taşıyıcılara (örneğin gemiler, uçaklar, büyük araçlar, arabalar, insanlar, hayvanlar, vb.) monteli nesneler veya kendi taşıyıcısı olan (aktörler, duyargalar) nesneler olabilir. Fakat bu ağ elemanları ve uygulamalarında bir takım zorluklar yaşanmaktadır. Bu tezde, gezgin tasarsız ve duyarga ağlardaki yaşanan zorlukları ve beklentileri dikkate alarak, gezgin tasarsız ve duyarga ağlar için yeni bir özgün, durumsuz veri akış yaklaşımı ve yönlendirme algoritması önerilmektedir. Durumsuz Ağırlıklı Yönlendirme (DAY, “Stateless Weighted Routing – SWR”) algoritması olarak adlandırdığımız bu algoritma, diğer yöntemlere göre daha az yönlendirme yükü, daha az enerji tüketimi, daha az yol oluşturma gecikmesi sağlamaktadır. Veri, varışa doğru, çoklu yollar üzerinden taşınmaktadır. Çoklu yol oluşturma, güvenirliği sağlamakta, boşluk problemini büyük oranda çözmekte ve en kısa yolu da içeren daha gürbüz yollar oluşmasını sağlamaktadır. DAY aynı zamanda büyük ölçekli ağlarda da uygulanabilir. Bu amaçla, birden fazla veri toplanma düğümü (sink) içeren sürümü olan Çoklu Veri Toplanma Düğümlü- Durumsuz Ağırlıklı Yönlendirme (ÇVTD-DAY - “Multiple Sink-Stateless Weighted Routing - MS-SWR”) yöntemi de büyük ölçekli tasarsız ve duyarga ağları için önerilmiştir. ÇVTD-DAY yöntemi, DAY yönteminde herhangi bir yöntemsel ve algoritmik değişiklik yapmadan birden fazla veri toplanma düğümünün olduğu ağlarda uygulanabilir. Hem DAY, hem ÇVTD-DAY’nin başarımı benzetimler ile ölçüldü. Elde edilen sonuçlar, DAY ‘nin gezgin tasarsız ve duyarga ağlar için istenenleri karşıladığını, karşılaştırılan diğer yöntemlere göre üstün olduğunu ve olası en iyi çözüme yakınlığını, öte yandan ÇVTD-DAY‘nin de büyük ölçekli ağlarda uygulanabilir olduğunu göstermektedir.Wireless networks provide mobile user with ubiquitous communication capability and information access regardless of location. Mobile ad hoc networks, that manage it without a need to infrastructure networks, as evolved in time, become more preferable for military, commercial and special purposes. On the other hand, technological advances made network components smaller and cheaper. These network components involves a wide variety of objects such as objects mounted on crafts/platforms (e.g. ships, aircrafts, trucks, cars, humans, animals), and objects that have their own platforms (e.g. actuators, sensor nodes). However, these network components and their involved applications exhibit some challenges to implement. By considering the challenges and expectations of mobile ad hoc networks and sensor network, we propose a novel stateless data flow approach and routing algorithm namely Stateless Weighted Routing (SWR) for mobile ad hoc and sensor networks. The SWR has low routing overhead providing very low energy consumption, and has low route construction delay than other proposed schemes. Multiple paths to the destination are established for data transmission. Constructing multiple paths provides reliability, eliminates the void problem substantially, and provides more robust routes including the shortest path. The SWR is applicable to large scale networks. We propose the multiple-sink version of the SWR that is namely MS-SWR, to be used in large scale ad hoc and sensor networks with multiple sinks. The MS-SWR can be used with multiple sinks without any functional and algorithmic modification in the SWR protocol. The performance of the SWR and the MS-SWR are evaluated by simulations. The performance of the system shows that the SWR satisfies the requirements of mobile ad hoc networks and outperforms the existing algorithms. The SWR is also tested against a hypothetic routing scheme that finds the shortest available path with no cost in order to compare the performance of the SWR against such an ideal case. Tests also indicate that MS-SWR is scalable for large scale networks.DoktoraPh