2 research outputs found
Emerging M&S Application in Risk Management
There has been compelling signs of the great potential of building further synergy with academics, researchers, and industry practitioners from the areas of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) managing risk events. This paper provides an introduction to risk management and how M&S has permeated the risk management process. The trend has been to harness the advantages of M&S tools and techniques in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in managing risks. However, the more important contribution of M&S may be in how it provides a way for specialists in various disciplines or industries interact to manage risks that require multi-disciplinary approach. This becomes possible due to the capabilities of many M&S tools and techniques to be used to recognize the various objectives in risk management scenarios, as well as the need for multiple and non-commensurate performance parameters
Embedded Duality in the Implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment in China
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Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : νκ²½κ³ννκ³Ό, 2017. 2. μ€μμ§.SEAλ EIAμ κ΄λ ¨λ μμΉκ³Ό λ°©λ²μ΄ μ λ΅μ μΈ λ¨κ³(μ μ±
, κ³ν λ° κΈ°ν)μμ μ¬μ©λλ κ²μ΄λ€. οΌWood and Dejeddour, 1992οΌμ΄λ νΉμ μ§μμ λ°μ μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ μΆμ λ μν₯κ³Ό κ°μ μ μΈ νκ²½μν₯μ κ³ λ €ν μ μλ€οΌBriffett and Mackee, 2003οΌ. Sadler(1996)λ μ μΈκ³μ μΌλ‘ λ κ°μ§ EIA λ°μ μ μ£Όμ κ²½ν₯μ μ μνμλ€. μ μ§κ΅μμ SEAκ° μ μ±
μ΄νκ³Όμ μμμ λμ
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μνμΌλ‘ SEA ν¨κ³Όμ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉκ³ μλ€.
μ΄μ κ°μ΄ κ΅κ°μ μ±
, μμ¬ λ° μ§λ¦¬μ μμΈμΌλ‘ μΈν μ€κ΅ λμλΆμ κ²½μ μ μ¬νμ μ΄μνμ λν΄ μ΄λ―Έ λ§μ ν λ‘ μ΄ μμλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ λμλΆμ μ§μ κ²½μ μ μ¬νμ μ΄μνκ° νκ²½μ μ±
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μ κΈ°μ‘΄ μ°κ΅¬μμ μ°Ύμ 보기 μ΄λ ΅λ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ SEAκ° μ€κ΅μμ μνλλ κ³Όμ μμ λνλ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό μ΄ν΄λ³΄λ κ²μ μ΄μ μ λλ€. κ°μ μ μ±
κ³Ό μ λ νμ λμλΆμ λΆνλ± λ°μ μ μ°¨μ΄μμ μλΆ μ§μμ SEAμ€νμ΄ λλΆ μ§μκ³Ό κ°μ΄ μ’μ΄ λͺ»ν μ΄μν μμΈμ λν΄ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κ³ , μ΄λ€ μ΄μν μμΈμ΄ μ€κ΅ λμλΆμ SEAμ€νμ μν₯μ λ―Έμ³€λμ§ νμΈνλλ‘ νλ€. μ¬μΈ΅μ μΈν°λ·°μ μ λΆμ μ±
μ κ²ν νλ κ²μ΄ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ λ μ£Όμ μ°κ΅¬ λ°©λ²μ΄λ€. μ λΆμ μ±
κ²ν μμ μ΄μν κ²½μ μ μ¬νλ°μ λ°°κ²½νμ μ μ±
μ μ κ³Όμ μμ λμλΆμ μ€μκ³Ό μ§λ°©μ λΆκ° ν경보νΈμ λν κ΄μ¬λμ μλ‘ μ°¨μ΄κ° μμλ€. μ΄λ μ λΆκ° κ³ννκ²½μν₯νκ°μ λν νλμ νκ²½λ³΄νΈ μμ λ±μ ν° μν₯μ λ―Έμ³€λ€. μ¬μΈ΅μ μΈν°λ·°λ κ³ννκ²½μν₯νκ°μ μ€νκ³Όμ κ³Ό μ λ ₯ν μμ§μ 보λ₯Ό λ³΄λ€ μ λ©΄μ μ΄κ³ μμΈνκ² λ³΄μ¬μ€ μ μλ€. λλΆμ κ΄λ₯μ 쨩μ, μλΆμ μΉνμ΄μ λμ°λ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μννμλ€.
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, μ§λ°© νκ²½λ³΄νΈ κΈ°κ΄μ μμ κΆν λ±μ΄ μλ€. λ€ κ°μ§ μ£Όμ μμκ° PEIAλ₯Ό μλΆ μ§μμμμ μ±κ³΅μ μΈ μ€νμ 보μ₯ν΄ μ€λ€. λν λλΆμ§μμ PEIAν¨κ³Όλ λμ± μ μ±
μ€νμ μν₯μ λ°κ³ , μλΆ μ§μμ PEIAμ μ±
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ν€μλ : μ΄μν, SEA, PEIA, μ€ν, μ μ±
νλ² : 2014-30826SEA means using the EIA and its relative principles and methods in the strategic (polices, plans and programmes) level (Wood and Dejeddour, 1992). It has the ability to take account of possible cumulative and induced environmental impacts arising from developments within a defined geographical region (Briffett and Mackee, 2003). Even though two significant trends of EIA development worldwide argued by Sadler (1996) are the emergences of SEA into the decision-making process in developed countries and widespread establishment of EA systems by many developing countries. However, most of the SEA research relates to studying the implementation of SEA in the decision making process in developed countries, especially the EU countries. Despite some authors endeavoring to focus on the practices and framework of SEA in the developing countries, it is easy to identify that the gap between the developed countries and the developing countries is broader, in terms of SEA implementation. Even though China is one of the early countries to introduce the strategic environmental assessment, the duality of western and eastern China is very same with the gap in developing and developed countries. The gaps of eastern and western regions in social and economic development, such as the gap in GDP, incomes, economic marketization and openness, the level of non-nationalization, the scale of government which lead to the different government policies and policy implementation cause the SEA outcomes are different. Even though the duality of eastern and western China in economic and social development that caused by dual national strategies and historical and geological reasons is widely discussed, the duality in environmental policies and environmental policy implementation, especially the SEA policies, of eastern and western regions results from the social and economic development gaps is never mentioned in the previous researches.
This research is focused on the implementation gap of SEA in China, due to the unbalanced development of the western and eastern regions that are under the same institutional framework and to answer that what reasons are resulted in the SEA in the western region failing to be implemented as well as in its eastern counterpart and in which respects the duality influences the SEA implementation in western and eastern China. The in-depth interview and reviewing government policies are selected as two main research methods. Government policies review reflects under the background of duality economic and social development, when making environmental policies and SEA policies, both central government and local governments pays different attention of environmental protection, which large influence the further governments attitudes to PEIA, their value of environmental protection etc. and in-depth interview could provides a more complete and detailed picture of the PEIA implementation process that do not have significant causality and provide more relaxed atmosphere in which to collect information. A total of 32 interviewees are integrated from the environmental provincial protection bureau (EPB) and the district environmental protection office (EPO), experts from EIA evaluation institutions, professors of a university, staff from economic development zone committees and the public, who participated in the evaluation process. Four case provinces are selected according the economic and social development criteria. They are Guangdong and Jiangsu in eastern region and Qinghai and Ningxia in western region.
The research finds that the eastern region has an obviously better performance in PEIA implementation in the nine aspects discussed in the research, according to both the environmental protection department staff and the SEA institutes staff. The western provinces face significant disadvantages and strong barriers of PEIA implementation in almost all of the items including putting too much value on economic development, imperfect local PEIA policies, the weakness of the power of the voice of the environmental protection departments in government negotiation, weak management of PEIA, less valid public participation and the imperfect public participation forms. Some strong advantages leading to successful PEIA implementation are: give an important value of environmental protection and relative complete local PEIA policies, the financial and human resource and valid public participation. These four elements guarantee successful PEIA implementation in the eastern region and the barriers of the implementation of PEIA in the western region. In addition, the PEIA implementation results in the eastern region are influenced more by policy implementation and the implementation results in the western regions are deeply affected by the policies in the western region. Unlike the successful PEIA implementation outcomes in the eastern region depending either on sufficient policies supporting or good implementation performance, the problems of the PEIA implementation outcomes in the western region are firstly based on less valid and sufficient policies. In addition, it can be seen that the performances of the PEIA implementation in the western region have both the low policy supporting and the PEIA policy implementation and the results coordinate with the imperfect implementation.Chapter one: introduction 1
1.1 Research background 1
1.1.1 From EIA to SEA 1
1.1.2 Duality in western and eastern China 4
1.1.3 Current research gap 7
1.2 Research questions and hypotheses 9
1.3 Research methods 10
1.4 Definition of main concepts 14
1.5 Research scope and framework 15
Chapter two: duality and the dual economic and social development in China 18
2.1 Duality 18
2.1.1 The conception of duality 18
2.1.2 The duality in the west and east in China 23
2.2 The concept of Eastern China and Western China 24
2.3 The main causes of duality 29
2.3.1 Unbalanced national strategies 29
2.3.2 The physical geography and historical reasons 37
2.4 The main expressive forms of duality 41
2.4.1 Economic development standard 43
2.4.2 Economic marketization and openness 46
2.4.3 The gaps in social development 53
Chapter three: dual policies and policy implementation theory 67
3.1 Evaluation framework 67
3.2 The influence of duality on policy making 70
3.2.1 The influence of the duality on policy innovation 72
3.2.2 Public administration and governance 77
3.2.3 Preferential policy competition and industrial transfer 86
3.3 The influence of duality on policy implementation 93
3.3.1 The conception of policy implementation 93
3.3.2 The policy implementation and duality 97
Chapter fourοΌSEA in China 121
4.1 History and practices of SEA 121
4.2 Current SEA system 133
4.2.1 Legislation 133
4.2.2 Coverage of SEA 141
4.2.3 Consideration of alternatives 148
4.2.4 The management of EIA institutes and fees of SEA 151
4.3 SEA process 158
4.3.1 Screening the action 158
4.3.2 Scoping of impacts 170
4.3.3 Preparing and reviewing of SEA report 176
4.3.4 The follow-up evaluation of SEA 189
Chapter five: the embedded duality in SEA implementation 195
5.1 The research organization and case selection 195
5.1.1 The criteria of case selection and case description 195
5.1.2 Economic development zone and economic development zone PEIA 203
5.1.3 The Economic development zone and PEIA in the four provinces 206
5.1.4 Research organization 209
5.2 The dual policies and regulations of environmental management 215
5.2.1 The dual national strategies: Thirteenth five-year plan 215
5.2.2 Industrial transfer strategy and China Western Development 226
5.2.3 The duality environmental policies and regulations 233
5.2.4 The dual environmental protection standards 242
5.2.5 The dual environmental protection mechanisms 245
5.2.6 The dual supporting and management policies and regulations 251
5.3 The dual policies and regulations on SEA 270
5.4 The dual SEA practices: case description and report review 276
5.5 The SEA implementation 286
5.5.1 Different degrees of value of environmental protection 286
5.5.2 Different attitudes of local governments towards PEIA and the process of government negotiation 296
5.5.3 The Different management of SEA institutes, the environmental monitoring quality and the authenticity of monitoring data 308
5.5.4 Different motivation and form of public participation 315
5.5.5 Investment supports of PEIA and human resource support 324
5.5.6 Intervention time, alternatives and administrative misbehaviors penalty in the PEIA process 335
5.6 Summary of PEIA implementation 355
Chapter six: conclusion 367
Reference 373Docto