67,666 research outputs found
La détection de la tuberculose bovine dans les abattoirs du Sud-Ouest de 2001 à 2010 : analyse des données d'inspection et des résultats histologiques et bactériologiques
La tuberculose bovine est une maladie infectieuse, contagieuse et d'évolution chronique due à Mycobacterium bovis et parfois à Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Elle a une répartition mondiale et bien que la France soit déclarée indemne, la lutte contre la tuberculose bovine continue. La possibilité de contagion de l'homme par les bovins en fait une préoccupation de santé publique. Les difficultés du diagnostic ante mortem rendent le diagnostic post mortem prépondérant dans la lutte contre la tuberculose bovine. Ce mémoire présente l'analyse des données de l'inspection post mortem dans les abattoirs du Sud Ouest de la France et des résultats histologiques et bactériologiques des bovins suspectés de tuberculose. Il apparaît que 90% des noeuds lymphatiques atteints sont situés au niveau de la tête ou du thorax et que les 10% restants se situent dans une autre partie de la carcasse. L'inspection doit donc être minutieuse sur toute la carcasse. L'étude met aussi en évidence que les bovins de race allaitante sont plus concernés que les bovins de race laitière, ce qui amène à réfléchir sur les facteurs de risque de la tuberculose bovine
Mission d'appui au projet de développement de la filière laitière dans le bassin de Mbarara (Ouganda) : rapport de mission du 7/10 au 17/10/2001
Cette mission d'appui a permis de rencontrer l'ensemble des responsables des organismes intervenant dans le projet de développement de la filière laitière dans le bassin de MBarara. Dans ce rapport, sont présentés: - La situation actuelle du secteur agricole en Ouganda ("Plan of Modernisation of Agriculture: PMA"), - Les résultats des propositions suite aux deux enquêtes sur la prévalence de la Tuberculose bovine et de la Brucellose dans le district de MBarara, - Les actions entreprises pour le suivi de la qualité du lait, en particulier, la mise en place d'un laboratoire d'analyses du lait à l'Université de MBarara (MUST), ainsi que l'appui de la DDA et de l'UNBS, - La nouvelle approche santé publique et en particulier le problème de l'impact réel de la qualité hygiénique du lait sur la santé humaine (étude conjointe proposée par le MUST et le Joint Clinical Research Center (JCRC), - Le compte-rendu d'une réunion finale d'information organisée à MBarara par l'association d'éleveurs "SUMPCA", - Des propositions pour 2002 dans l'attente du lancement du FSP: ces propositions sont centrées en priorité autour des volets sensibilisation/vulgarisation, la santé publique, la mise en route effective du laboratoire d'analyse du lait, l'amélioration de l'apport fourrager. (Résumé d'auteur
Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on the Outcome of Treatment and Survival of Tuberculosis Patients in Mwanza, Tanzania.
Little is known about the outcome of tuberculosis (TB) treatment and subsequent survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients treated under routine programme conditions in a developing country. We followed a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis patients during therapy and assessed their vital and tuberculosis status 3 years after completion of treatment in Mwanza, Tanzania. Newly diagnosed and relapse tuberculosis cases consecutively registered over a 6-month period were enrolled into an epidemiological study of TB/HIV. Treatment outcome was based on information in tuberculosis treatment registers. Patients surviving treatment were assessed 3 years later by personal interview. Cause of death was determined by verbal autopsy. Of 561 patients enrolled into the study, 505 patients alive at completion of treatment were eligible for assessment at 3 years. Except for mortality, HIV infection was not statistically associated with differing treatment outcomes. At time of follow-up, the overall mortality was 19% and was associated with HIV infection (hazard ratio [hr] 3.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6-5.2) and age 35 years and over (hr 1.5, 95% CI 1.02-2.1), but not with type of tuberculosis, gender, or initial drug resistance. By life table analysis, probability of survival at 4 years was 35% for HIV-positive patients compared to 90% for HIV-negative patients. Although no relapse cases were diagnosed, verbal autopsy suggested equivalent low rates of relapse in both groups. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the current approach to the treatment of tuberculosis patients regardless of HIV status. However, HIV-related mortality remains high both during and following completion of treatment, and further studies are needed to determine if this mortality might be reduced by simple interventions which are feasible in developing countries.\u
Provider-initiated symptom screening for tuberculosis in Zimbabwe: diagnostic value and the effect of HIV status.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic value of provider-initiated symptom screening for tuberculosis (TB) and how HIV status affects it. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of randomly selected participants in a community-based TB-HIV prevalence survey in Harare, Zimbabwe. All completed a five-symptom questionnaire and underwent sputum TB culture and HIV testing. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of various symptoms and used regression analysis to investigate the relationship between symptoms and TB disease. FINDINGS: We found one or more symptoms of TB in 21.2% of 1858 HIV-positive (HIV+) and 9.9% of 7121 HIV-negative (HIV-) participants (P or = 2 weeks' duration, any symptom and a positive sputum culture had sensitivities of 48%, 81% and 65%, respectively; in HIV- participants, the sensitivities were 45%, 71% and 74%, respectively. Symptoms had a similar sensitivity and specificity in HIV+ and HIV- participants, but in HIV+ participants they had a higher positive and a lower negative predictive value. CONCLUSION: Even smear-positive TB may be missed by provider-initiated symptom screening, especially in HIV+ individuals. Symptom screening is useful for ruling out TB, but better TB diagnostics are urgently needed for resource-poor settings
Risk factors for positive tuberculin skin tests among migrant and resident children in Lausanne, Switzerland
Résumé en français
Cadre : Policlinique pédiatrique à Lausanne en Suisse, pays rencontrant une proportion importante de tuberculose au sein de la population de migrants.
But : Déterminer les facteurs de risque associés à un test tuberculinique positif (ou test de Mantoux), notamment l'influence du BCG (Bacille Calmette Guérin) et d'un contact avec un personne ayant une tuberculose active. Les patients concernés étaient des enfants examinés dans le cadre d'un contrôle de santé ou dans le cadre d'une étude d'entourage d'un cas déclaré de tuberculose.
Méthode : Etude descriptive comprenant des enfants ayant eu un test tuberculinique (2 unités RT23) entre novembre 2002 et avril 2004. L'âge, le sexe, l'anamnèse de contact avec une personne ayant une tuberculose active, la vaccination par le BCG, le pays d'origine et le lieu de naissance (en Suisse ou hors de la Suisse) étaient répertoriés.
Résultats : Parmi les 234 enfants de l'étude, 176 (75%) avaient une réaction tuberculinique égal à zéro et 31 (13%) avaient une réaction positive (> 10mm). Dans le modèle de régression linéaire, la taille de la réaction tuberculinique variait significativement selon l'anamnèse de contact avec une personne ayant une tuberculose active, l'âge, l'incidence de la tuberculose dans le pays d'origine et la vaccination par le BCG. Le sexe ou le lieu de naissance n'influençait pas la taille de la réaction.
Dans le modèle de régression logistique incluant toutes les valeurs répertoriées, les paramètres significativement associés avec un Mantoux positif étaient l'âge (Odds Ratio = 1.21, 95% CI 1.08 ; 1.35), l'anamnèse de contact avec une personne ayant une tuberculose active (OR = 7.31, 95% CI 2.23 ; 24) et l'incidence de la tuberculose dans le pays d'origine (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 ; 1.02). Le sexe (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 0.50 ; 2.78) et la vaçcination par le BCG (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 0.91 ; 9.72) n'étaient pas associés avec une réaction tuberculinique positive.
Conclusions : L'incidence de la tuberculose dans le pays d'origine, la vaccination par le BCG et l'âge influencent le test de Mantoux (taille ou proportion de réaction > 10mm). Toutefois, le facteur de risque le plus important d'avoir une réaction tuberculinique positive est l'anamnèse de contact avec. une personne ayant une tuberculose active
Accuracy of diabetes screening methods used for people with tuberculosis, Indonesia, Peru, Romania, South Africa
Objective
To evaluate the performance of diagnostic tools for diabetes mellitus, including laboratory methods and clinical risk scores, in newly-diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients from four middle-income countries.
Methods
In a multicentre, prospective study, we recruited 2185 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from sites in Indonesia, Peru, Romania and South Africa from January 2014 to September 2016. Using laboratory-measured glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as the gold standard, we measured the diagnostic accuracy of random plasma glucose, point-of-care HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, urine dipstick, published and newly derived diabetes mellitus risk scores and anthropometric measurements. We also analysed combinations of tests, including a two-step test using point-of-care HbA1cwhen initial random plasma glucose was ≥ 6.1 mmol/L.
Findings
The overall crude prevalence of diabetes mellitus among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients was 283/2185 (13.0%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 11.6–14.4). The marker with the best diagnostic accuracy was point-of-care HbA1c (area under receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.75–0.86). A risk score derived using age, point-of-care HbA1c and random plasma glucose had the best overall diagnostic accuracy (area under curve: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.81–0.90). There was substantial heterogeneity between sites for all markers, but the two-step combination test performed well in Indonesia and Peru.
Conclusion
Random plasma glucose followed by point-of-care HbA1c testing can accurately diagnose diabetes in tuberculosis patients, particularly those with substantial hyperglycaemia, while reducing the need for more expensive point-of-care HbA1c testing. Risk scores with or without biochemical data may be useful but require validation
Timing of antiretroviral therapy in Cambodian hospital after diagnosis of tuberculosis: impact of revised WHO guidelines
OBJECTIVE: To determine if implementation of 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation reduced delay from tuberculosis diagnosis to initiation of ART in a Cambodian urban hospital. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a nongovernmental hospital in Phnom Penh that followed new WHO guidelines in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. All ART-naïve, HIV-positive patients initiated on antituberculosis treatment over the 18 months before and after guideline implementation were included. A competing risk regression model was used. FINDINGS: After implementation of the 2010 WHO guidelines, 190 HIV-positive patients with tuberculosis were identified: 53% males; median age, 38 years; median baseline CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4+ cell) count, 43 cells/µL. Before implementation, 262 patients were identified; 56% males; median age, 36 years; median baseline CD4+ cell count, 59 cells/µL. With baseline CD4+ cell counts ≤ 50 cells/µL, median delay to ART declined from 5.8 weeks (interquartile range, IQR: 3.7–9.0) before to 3.0 weeks (IQR: 2.1–4.4) after implementation (P < 0.001); with baseline CD4+ cell counts > 50 cells/µL, delay dropped from 7.0 (IQR: 5.3–11.3) to 3.6 (IQR: 2.9–5.3) weeks (P < 0.001). The probability of ART initiation within 4 and 8 weeks after tuberculosis diagnosis rose from 23% and 65%, respectively, before implementation, to 62% and 90% after implementation. A non-significant increase in 6-month retention and antiretroviral substitution was seen after implementation. CONCLUSION: Implementation of 2010 WHO recommendations in a routine clinical setting shortens delay to ART. Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to assess impact on patient outcomes
La tuberculose bovine à Madagascar
Une enquête sur la tuberculose bovine a été réalisée à Madagascar, en 1969-1970, par les méthodes d'inspection d'abattoir et de tuberculination intra-dermique. La proportion des saisies pour tuberculose, effectuées dans tous les abattoirs de l'île au cours des dix dernières années, a été relevée et contrôlée par sondages régionaux: 21 p. 100 des 1.465.000 bovins inspectés ont été reconnus tuberculeux. Les résultats de 9.217 tuberculinations effectuées ont été analysés par race, sexe, âge et mode d'élevage des bovins éprouvés. Les solutions actuellement possibles à Madagascar pour abaisser le taux de tuberculose bovine sont envisagées. (Résumé d'auteur
Delay in Tuberculosis Case-Finding and Treatment in Mwanza, Tanzania.
Health facilities in Mwanza region, Tanzania. To determine factors responsible for delay from onset of symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis to initiation of treatment. A cross-sectional descriptive study of 296 smear-positive tuberculosis patients. Emphasis was given to periods between 1) onset of symptoms and first consultation to a health facility, and 2) reporting to a health facility and initiation of treatment. Mean total delay was 185 days (median 136), with nearly 90% of this being patient's delay. The mean health system delay was 23 days (median 15), with longer delays in rural health facilities. The mean patient's delay was 162 days (median 120). This delay was significantly longer in rural areas, for patients with lower level of education, for those who first visited a traditional healer, and for patients who had no information on tuberculosis prior to diagnosis. Only 15% of the patients reported to a health facility within 30 days of onset of symptoms. There are significant delays in case-finding in Mwanza, Tanzania, with prolonged patient's delay. Facilitation of utilisation of health services, raising awareness of the disease and incorporation of private practice into tuberculosis control could help to reduce these delays.\u
Tuberculose
O vídeo apresenta a tuberculose como uma doença que afeta principalmente os pulmões, causada pelo bacilo de Koch. Informa sobre o histórico e estatística da doença no Brasil, os principais sintomas, suas formas de transmissão, os riscos para a doença, o tratamento diretamente observado, a saúde básica no Brasil (competências), as medidas de controle da doença, diagnóstico, formas clínicas de tuberculose, pesquisa de baciloscopia, exames de imagem, prova tuberculínica, interpretação de exames, tratamento, hospitalização e efeitos colaterais, além da informação sobre o fornecimento da vacina BCG, especialmente para as crianças.Ministério da Saúd
- …
