War in the Trenches

Review of Bill Rawling, Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992

The black silicon method II: the effect of mask material and loading on the reactive ion etching of deep silicon trenches

Very deep trenches in Si with smooth controllable profiles are etched using a fluorine-based Reactive Ion Etcher(RIE). The effect of various mask materials and loading on the profile is examined using the Black Silicon Method. It is found that most metal layers have an almost infinite selectivity. When the aspect ratio of the trenches is beyond five, RIE lag is found to be an important effect. Evidence is found that this effect is caused by the bowing of incoming ions by the electrical field

Kinetic self-organization of trenched templates for the fabrication of versatile ferromagnetic nanowires

We have self-organized versatile magnetic nanowires, ie with variable period and adjustable magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). First, using the kinetic roughening of W(110) uniaxial templates of trenches were grown on commercial Sapphire wafers. Unlike most templates used for self-organization, those have a variable period, 4-12nm are demonstrated here. Fe deposition then results in the formation of wires in the trenches. The magnitude of MAE could be engineered up or down by changing the capping- or underlayer, in turn affecting the mean superparamagnetic temperature, raised to 175K so far.Comment: 3 page

Root Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Immigration into Strawberry Plots Protected by Fence or Portable Trench Barriers

Physical exclusion shows some potential as a novel root weevil control strategy, but barriers to root weevil immigration may also exclude beneficial insects, such as ground beetles. A field study was undertaken in 1997 to assess the impact of two physical barriers—portable plastic trenches and aluminum fences with Teflon tape—on root weevil and ground beetle immigration into plots of strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa (Duchesne). Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman) and Nemocestes incomptus (Horn), each comprised 43% of the root weevils caught at the site. Most (86%) of the ground beetles caught in control plots were longer than 1 cm, the width of the gap in the portable trench top. Trenches excluded 75 and 63% of B. pellucidus and N. incomptus, respectively, without significantly reducing immigration of large (<1 cm) ground beetles. Fences excluded 65, 84, and 99% of B. pellucidus, N. incomptus, and large ground beetles, respectively. Adding diatomaceous earth to trenches did not increase their efficacy, and fences without Teflon tape excluded ground beetles but not root weevils. The reduction in the population of root weevils and other strawberry pests caused by the use of barriers reduced damage to strawberry plant leaves and increased strawberry plant survival relative to unprotected control plots. Advantages and disadvantages of these physical control tools are discussed with a view to creating superior tools for root weevil exclusion, compatible with an integrated pest management approach. Portable trenches may offer a means of selectively excluding root weevils but not ground beetles

Measuring and modeling optical diffraction from subwavelength features

We describe a technique for studying scattering from subwavelength features. A simple scatterometer was developed to measure the scattering from the single-submicrometer, subwavelength features generated with a focused ion beam system. A model that can describe diffraction from subwavelength features with arbitrary profiles is also presented and shown to agree quite well with the experimental measurements. The model is used to demonstrate ways in which the aspect ratios of subwavelength ridges and trenches can be obtained from scattering data and how ridges can be distinguished from trenches over a wide range of aspect ratios. We show that some earlier results of studies on distinguishing pits from particles do not extend to low-aspect-ratio features

On the energetic origin of self-limiting trenches formed around Ge/Si quantum dots

At high growth temperatures, the misfit strain at the boundary of Ge quantum dots on Si(001) is relieved by formation of trenches around the base of the islands. The depth of the trenches has been observed to saturate at a level that depends on the base-width of the islands. Using finite element simulations, we show that the self-limiting nature of trench depth is due to a competition between the elastic relaxation energy gained by the formation of the trench and the surface energy cost for creating the trench. Our simulations predict a linear increase of the trench depth with the island radius, in quantitative agreement with the experimental observations of Drucker and coworkers

Who is the L3C Entrepreneur? Come along and experience the next chapter

Originally published in May 2010, we've spent the last 6 months speaking with social entrepreneurs launching new L3Cs, those who've been in the trenches for a while now and amazing thought leaders to provide you with an up-to-date, insider's look into all things L3C

Late Antique Residences at Golemo Gradište, Konjuh, R. Macedonia

The systematic excavations that began at Golemo Gradište in 2000 were the first major, legal investigations on the site itself. Through survey of the site, researchers had reached a number of conclusions and hypotheses about lines of fortification walls, location of gates, and roads associated with the site. But almost nothing was known about the buildings or the internal arrangement of the site, and there were questions about dating. Therefore, both on the acropolis (2000-2004) and on the northern terrace (2005-present), the first step was to set trenches in several places, to investigate the architecture and the urban plan and to establish a chronology of the settlement. Given the discoveries in those initial trenches, excavation was later focused on a few areas. One consequence of this approach was limited excavation in several areas that were probably residential (or a combination of residential with industrial or commercial), but only a few examples of extensively investigated residential complexes. [excerpt

Archaeological evaluation : Store Street, Ancoats, Manchester

In March 2017, Salford Archaeology was commissioned by CgMs Consulting to carry out an archaeological evaluation of land between Store Street and Millbank Street in the Ancoats area of Manchester (centred on NGR 385150 398175). The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a Written Scheme of Investigation produced by CgMs Consulting in June 2016, and was required to fulfil a condition (Condition 12) placed on planning consent for the redevelopment of the site (Planning Ref: 110276/FO/2015/C2). The archaeological interest in the site was highlighted in a desk-based assessment that was produced by WSP|Parsons Brinckerhoff in 2015. This concluded that there was potential for archaeological remains relating to the early 19 th -century Ardwick and Ancoats Dispensary and a mid-19 th -century iron foundry and copper works to survive insitu. The archaeological evaluation comprised the excavation of two 30m long trenches, which were targeted on the footprint of the former iron foundry and copper works in the central part of the site (Trench 1) and the Ardwick and Ancoats Dispensary to the north-east (Trench 2). The only archaeological features observed in the excavated trenches, however, comprised a short section of a 20 th -century wall in Trench 1, and a wood-lined circular feature with an associated brick surface in Trench 2. Both of these features were truncated and fragmentary, and were overlain by a homogenous mixed demolition rubble levelling layer, which appeared to have been deposited very recently. Based on the results obtained from the evaluation trenches, it is concluded that no further investigation is merited in advance of the construction works for the proposed development