Distributed Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time coding in wireless cooperative relay networks

Cooperative diversity provides a new paradigm in robust wireless re- lay networks that leverages Space-Time (ST) processing techniques to combat the effects of fading. Distributing the encoding over multiple relays that potentially observe uncorrelated channels to a destination terminal has demonstrated promising results in extending range, data- rates and transmit power utilization. Specifically, Space Time Block Codes (STBCs) based on orthogonal designs have proven extremely popular at exploiting spatial diversity through simple distributed pro- cessing without channel knowledge at the relaying terminals. This thesis aims at extending further the extensive design and analysis in relay networks based on orthogonal designs in the context of Quasi- Orthogonal Space Time Block Codes (QOSTBCs). The characterization of Quasi-Orthogonal MIMO channels for cooper- ative networks is performed under Ergodic and Non-Ergodic channel conditions. Specific to cooperative diversity, the sub-channels are as- sumed to observe different shadowing conditions as opposed to the traditional co-located communication system. Under Ergodic chan- nel assumptions novel closed-form solutions for cooperative channel capacity under the constraint of distributed-QOSTBC processing are presented. This analysis is extended to yield closed-form approx- imate expressions and their utility is verified through simulations. The effective use of partial feedback to orthogonalize the QOSTBC is examined and significant gains under specific channel conditions are demonstrated. Distributed systems cooperating over the network introduce chal- lenges in synchronization. Without extensive network management it is difficult to synchronize all the nodes participating in the relaying between source and destination terminals. Based on QOSTBC tech- niques simple encoding strategies are introduced that provide compa- rable throughput to schemes under synchronous conditions with neg- ligible overhead in processing throughout the protocol. Both mutli- carrier and single-carrier schemes are developed to enable the flexi- bility to limit Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio (PAPR) and reduce the Radio Frequency (RF) requirements of the relaying terminals. The insights gained in asynchronous design in flat-fading cooperative channels are then extended to broadband networks over frequency- selective channels where the novel application of QOSTBCs are used in distributed-Space-Time-Frequency (STF) coding. Specifically, cod- ing schemes are presented that extract both spatial and mutli-path diversity offered by the cooperative Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel. To provide maximum flexibility the proposed schemes are adapted to facilitate both Decode-and-Forward (DF) and Amplify- and-Forward (AF) relaying. In-depth Pairwise-Error-Probability (PEP) analysis provides distinct design specifications which tailor the distributed- STF code to maximize the diversity and coding gain offered under the DF and AF protocols. Numerical simulation are used extensively to confirm the validity of the proposed cooperative schemes. The analytical and numerical re- sults demonstrate the effective use of QOSTBC over orthogonal tech- niques in a wide range of channel conditions

Digital signal processing techniques for peak-to-average power ratio mitigation in MIMO–OFDM systems

The focus of this thesis is to mitigate the very large peak-to-average transmit power ratios (PAPRs) inherent to conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, particularly in the context of transmission over multi-input multi-output (MIMO) wireless broadband channels. This problem is important as a large PAPR generally needs an expensive radio frequency (RF) power amplifier at the transmitter due to the requirement for linear operation over a wide amplitude range and such a cost would be compounded when multiple transmit antennas are used. Advanced signal processing techniques which can reduce PAPR whilst retain the integrity of digital transmission therefore have considerable potential for application in emergent MIMO–OFDM wireless systems and form the technical contributions of this study. [Continues.

Novel transmission schemes for application in two-way cooperative relay wireless communication networks

Recently, cooperative relay networks have emerged as an attractive communications technique that can generate a new form of spatial diversity which is known as cooperative diversity, that can enhance system reliability without sacrificing the scarce bandwidth resource or consuming more transmit power. To achieve cooperative diversity single-antenna terminals in a wireless relay network typically share their antennas to form a virtual antenna array on the basis of their distributed locations. As such, the same diversity gains as in multi-input multi-output systems can be achieved without requiring multiple-antenna terminals. However, there remain technical challenges to maximize the benefit of cooperative communications, e.g. data rate, asynchronous transmission, interference and outage. Therefore, the focus of this thesis is to exploit cooperative relay networks within two-way transmission schemes. Such schemes have the potential to double the data rate as compared to one-way transmission schemes. Firstly, a new approach to two-way cooperative communications via extended distributed orthogonal space-time block coding (E-DOSTBC) based on phase rotation feedback is proposed with four relay nodes. This scheme can achieve full cooperative diversity and full transmission rate in addition to array gain. Then, distributed orthogonal space-time block coding (DOSTBC) is applied within an asynchronous two-way cooperative wireless relay network using two relay nodes. A parallel interference cancelation (PIC) detection scheme with low structural and computational complexity is applied at the terminal nodes in order to overcome the effect of imperfect synchronization among the cooperative relay nodes. Next, a DOSTBC scheme based on cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) type transmission is proposed for flat fading channels which can overcome imperfect synchronization in the network. As such, this technique can effectively cope with the effects of fading and timing errors. Moreover, to increase the end-to-end data rate, a closed-loop EDOSTBC approach using through a three-time slot framework is proposed. A full interference cancelation scheme with OFDM and cyclic prefix type transmission is used in a two-hop cooperative four relay network with asynchronism in the both hops to achieve full data rate and completely cancel the timing error. The topic of outage probability analysis in the context of multi-relay selection for one-way cooperative amplify and forward networks is then considered. Local measurements of the instantaneous channel conditions are used to select the best single and best two relays from a number of available relays. Asymptotical conventional polices are provided to select the best single and two relays from a number of available relays. Finally, the outage probability of a two-way amplify and forward relay network with best and Mth relay selection is analyzed. The relay selection is performed either on the basis of a max-min strategy or one based on maximizing exact end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio. MATLAB and Maple software based simulations are employed throughout the thesis to support the analytical results and assess the performance of new algorithms and methods

Distributed space-time block coding in cooperative relay networks with application in cognitive radio

Spatial diversity is an effective technique to combat the effects of severe fading in wireless environments. Recently, cooperative communications has emerged as an attractive communications paradigm that can introduce a new form of spatial diversity which is known as cooperative diversity, that can enhance system reliability without sacrificing the scarce bandwidth resource or consuming more transmit power. It enables single-antenna terminals in a wireless relay network to share their antennas to form a virtual antenna array on the basis of their distributed locations. As such, the same diversity gains as in multi-input multi-output systems can be achieved without requiring multiple-antenna terminals. In this thesis, a new approach to cooperative communications via distributed extended orthogonal space-time block coding (D-EO-STBC) based on limited partial feedback is proposed for cooperative relay networks with three and four relay nodes and then generalized for an arbitrary number of relay nodes. This scheme can achieve full cooperative diversity and full transmission rate in addition to array gain, and it has certain properties that make it alluring for practical systems such as orthogonality, flexibility, low computational complexity and decoding delay, and high robustness to node failure. Versions of the closed-loop D-EO-STBC scheme based on cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing type transmission are also proposed for both flat and frequency-selective fading channels which can overcome imperfect synchronization in the network. As such, this proposed technique can effectively cope with the effects of fading and timing errors. Moreover, to increase the end-to-end data rate, this scheme is extended for two-way relay networks through a three-time slot framework. On the other hand, to substantially reduce the feedback channel overhead, limited feedback approaches based on parameter quantization are proposed. In particular, an optimal one-bit partial feedback approach is proposed for the generalized D-O-STBC scheme to maximize the array gain. To further enhance the end-to-end bit error rate performance of the cooperative relay system, a relay selection scheme based on D-EO-STBC is then proposed. Finally, to highlight the utility of the proposed D-EO-STBC scheme, an application to cognitive radio is studied

Design And Performance Analysis Of Enhanced Network Coded Cooperative Communication Systems

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2017Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2017Kablosuz haberleşme sistemi birbiriyle haberleşebilen birçok hareketli düğüm noktasından oluşmaktadır. Sönümleme ise kablosuz haberleşme sistemlerinin performansını olumsuz yönde etkileyen önemli faktörlerden biridir. Sönümlemenin mevcut olduğu ortamlarda güvenilir bir haberleşme için kanal kodlama ve çeşitleme teknikleri önerilmiş ve uygulanmıştır. Bunlardan biri, çeşitleme kazancı elde ederek olabildiğince hatasız veri iletimi gerçekleştirmek üzere her bir terminalde çoklu verici ve alıcı düğümleri kullanan çok girişli çok çıkışlı çeşitleme (MIMO) tekniğidir. Fakat işbirlikli çeşitleme tekniği bunu her bir terminalde birden çok verici anten kullanmadan gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Kablosuz yayın ortamı komşu röle düğümlerin işbirliği yapmasına imkan sağlayarak verinin kaynak düğümlerden hedef düğümlere aktarılması sırasındaki sönümleme etikisini azaltmaktadır. Bu sebeple, işbirlikli haberleşme sistemi veri iletimi sırasında röle düğümler ile oluşturulan birden çok haberleşme ağının kullanılmasını ve kendiliğinden oluşan uzaysal kanal çeşitlemesinden faydalanılmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Doğrudan veri iletimi kullanan klasik tek atlamalı haberleşme sistemlerinde bir alıcı doğrudan gelen işaretin içerisindeki veriyi elde ederek yansıyan işaretleri girişim olarak algılarken, işbirlikli haberleşme sistemleri diğer işaretleri katkı olarak değerlendirmektedir. Böylelikle işbirlikli çeşitlemede veri iki ya da daha çok işaretin birlikte değerlendirilmesiyle elde etmektedir. Başka bir deyişle, işbirlikli çeşitleme kablosuz haberleşme ağlarında bulunan her bir düğümdeki antenin dağıtık olarak kullanıldığı bir anten çeşitleme tekniğidir. Hareketli düğümlerin (mobile nodes) güç, bant genişliği ve boyut gibi kısıtları sebebiyle diğer çeşitleme tekniklerinin kanal sönümlemesine karşı kullanılamadığı kablosuz tasarsız (ad hoc) algılayıcı ağları için işbirlikli çeşitleme özellikle faydalı olmaktadır. Bütün senaryolar için, hareketli kullanıcılar arasında işbirliği olan kablosuz sistemler bu işbirliğinin olmadığı diğer sistemlere göre daha yüksek bir sığa potansiyeline sahiptir. Fakat, işbirlikli haberleşme ile hata performansında elde edilen iyileşme çoğu durumda kablosuz ağdaki iletim hızından feragat ile mümkündür. Bu gibi durumlarda, ağ kodlama tekniği sayesinde röle düğümlere gönderilmiş olan veri paketlerinin akıllı bir şekilde birleştirilmesi ile işbirlikli kablosuz ağlardaki veri hızında ciddi bir iyileştirme sağlanabilmektedir. Ağ kodlama esasen kayıpsız haberleşme sistemlerinde yönlendirme ağlarının verimini artırmak için geliştirilmiştir. Fakat, ağ kodlama ile işbirlikli kablosuz ağların tümleştirilmesi (entegrasyonu) sönümlemenin bulunduğu ortamlarda kaynakların daha verimli bir şekilde kullanılması ve hata performansının iyileştirilmesi yönünde ciddi bir potansiyele sahiptir. Ağ kodlama, 5G standartlarının ötesindeki kablosuz ağlarda sürekli artan kullanıcı ve cihazların taleplerini karşılayabilecek kabiliyete sahiptir. Kablosuz sistemlerin yayın doğası işbirlikli haberleşme ve ağ kodlamanın beraber uygulanmasını ve bu iki tekniğin faydalarından yararlanmayı mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, son yıllarda mevcut literatürde çeşitli ağ kodlama teknikleri değerlendirilmekte fakat her yöntem röle düğümlerdeki veri paketleri işlevlerinin birleştirilmesi ve iletilmesini kapsamaktadır. Bu tezde, rastgele doğrusal ağ kodlama, karmaşık alan ağ kodlama ve XOR ağ kodlama tekniklerinin benzetimleri yapılmış ve çeşitli bakış açıları ile analiz edilmiştir. Tezin ilk bölümünde, Rayleigh ve Rician sönümleme kanalları için varış düğümlerindeki kod çözme hata olasılığı üzerinden rastgele doğrusal ağ kodlama sistemlerinin performansı incelenmektedir. Doğrusal ağ kodlama sistemlerinde, ara düğümlerdeki veri bitleri paket vektörler olarak alınmakta ve ara düğümler belirli bir boyutta ve eşit olasılıklı Galois kümesinden çıkarılan katsayılar ile alınan paketleri doğrusal olarak birleştirerek veriyi çözmektedir. Bu bölümdeki benzetim ortamı birden çok kaynak ile röle ve varış düğümlerinden oluşmakta; kaynak ve varış noktaları arasında ise doğrudan bağlantılar bulunmamaktadır. Belirtilen sistemdeki haberleşme kanalı kesintileri ve dolayısıyla paket kayıpları sönümleme etkisiyle oluşmaktadır. Belirtilen sistem modeli için ortaya çıkan benzetim sonuçları, paket çözümündeki kayıp olasılığının sadece sönümleme ortamı değil röle düğümlerde ağ kodlama için kullanılan katsayılar tarafından da belirlendiğini göstermektedir. Sönümleme kanallarındaki çözümleme kayıp olasılıkları röle düğümlerdeki paketlerin doğrusal olarak birleştirilmesi sırasında kullanılan rastgele katsayıları barındıran Galois kümesinin boyutu artırılarak düşürülebilmektedir. Tezin ikinci kısmında ise, karmaşık alan ağ kodlamasının bit hat oranı performansı frekans seçmeli Rayleigh sönümleme kanalları için dik frekans bölmeli çoğullama (OFDM) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Daha önceki çalışmalarda, bu analiz düz sönümleme kanalları için yapılmıştır. Performans değerlendirmesinde kullanılan sistem modeli birden çok kaynak düğümü, tekli ya da çoklu röle düğümleri ve tek varış düğümü içermektedir. Hem kuvvetlendir ve aktar hem de çöz ve aktar tipi röleler için hata performansı elde edilmekte ve çoklu röle sistemleri için röle seçimi hem kuvventlendir ve aktar hem de çöz ve aktar seçenekleri için ele alınmaktadır. Katlamalı kanal kodları da opsiyonel olarak mevcut sisteme performansı artırmak için eklenebilmekte ve sert kararlı (hard decision) Viterbi Algoritması kaynak bitleri çözmek için kullanılmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, kaynak ve varış noktalarına farklı uzaklıklardaki röle düğümlerinde asimetrik bağlantı ortamları da değerlendirilmiştir. Daha önce bahsedilen senaryo kapsamında hedef ve/veya röle düğümlerde her bir bitin aynı zamanda elde edilmesi için OFDM ile birlikte çoklu kullanıcı belirleme kuralları uygulanmıştır. Benzetim sonuçları, rölelerdeki analog dalga formunun kaydedilmesini gerektirmesi dolayısıyla uygulama açısından pratik olmasa da her durumda kuvvetlendir ve aktar röle düğümlerinin, çöz ve aktar tipi röle düğümlerinden daha iyi performansa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Dahası, sistem modelinde hem kuvvetlendir ve aktar hem de çöz ve aktar tipi röleler ile röle seçimi yapıldığında hata performansında hatırı sayılır bir iyileştirme gözlenmektedir. Son olarak, asimetrik ağlarda, daha iyi bir hata performansı röle düğümlerinin kaynak düğümlerine daha yakın yerleştirilmesi ile elde edilebilmektedir. Tezin üçüncü kısmında, ele alınan tekniklerin faydalı yönlerini birleştirecek şekilde, OFDM kullanan kanal kodlamalı karmaşık alan ağ kodlama tekniği önerilmekte ve bit hata oranı üzerinden performans değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır. Buradaki çalışma OFDM kullanan katlamalı kanal kodlamalı karmaşık alan ağ kodlama ve ikinci bölümde bahsedilen sert kararlı (hard decision) Viterbi Algoritmasının genişletilmesidir. Sistem modeli ikinci kısımdaki ile aynı olmakla birlikte yavaş ve frekans seçimli Rayleigh sönümleme kanalı içermektedir. Yine hem kuvvetlendir ve aktar hem de çöz ve aktar türü röleler bu bağlamda değerlendirilmiş ve birden çok röle içeren senaryolarda röle seçimi uygulanmıştır. Fakat, bu bölümde kodlanmış kaynak bitlerinin elde edilmesi için yumuşak kararlı (soft decision) Viterbi Algoritması ve Max-Log-MAP kod çözme teknikleri kullanılmakta ve böylelikle çok kullanıcı belirleme kuralları kodlanmış kaynak bitleri için log likelihood oranlarını sağlamaktadır. Dahası, kafeste farklı kod oranlarına ve durum sayılarına sahip katlamalı kodlar ve asimetrik bağlantı ortamları için performans analizi verilmektedir. Benzetim sonuçlarına göre, hem yumuşak kararlı Viterbi hem de Max- Log-MAP kanal çözümleme tekniklerinin belirtilen sistem modelinde aynı bit hatası performansına sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Kuvventlendir ve aktar yöntemi çöz ve aktar yöntemine göre her durumda daha iyi sonuç vermekte ve röle seçim teknikleri fark edilir bir performans iyileştirmesine sebep olmaktadır. Daha düşük kod oranlı ve daha çok kafes durumuna (trellis state) sahip katlamalı kodlar sistem performansını ciddi bir şekilde artırmakta ve asimetrik bağlantılarda aynı şekilde performansın iyileştirilmesi amacına katkı yapmaktadır. Tezin son bölümü OFDM ile birleştirilmiş iki yönlü röle ağları için XOR ağ kodlama tekniğinin geliştirilmiş versiyonu ile ilgilidir. İki yönlü röle ağları için geliştirilen geleneksel stratejiler ile karşılaştırıldığında, bu stratejide Galois küme eklemesi veya kaynaklarda çoklu veri paketlerinin bit XOR kodlaması uygulanmaktadır. XOR kodlamalı paket, iki yönlü röle ağının hata performansını artırmak için verici çeşitleme kazancı elde etmek üzere artıklık barındıran veri paketleri ile birlikte röle düğümlerine iletilmektedir. Sistem modeli, iki kaynak ve istenen hata performansının elde edilmesi için farklı sayıda ve katlamalı kanal kodlamalı röle düğümleri içermektedir. Sistemde birden çok röle olduğu durumda röle seçimi de yapılmakta ve bu sayede sadece hata performansı artırılmamakta aynı zamanda verimlilik de artmaktadır. Sonuçlar, iki yönlü röle ağının iletim ucunda sağlanan artıklık ile sistemde bit hatası performansının artırıldığını göstermektedir.A wireless communication system consists of multiple wireless nodes that can move around and communicate with each other. Fading is one of major degrading factors that can limit the performance of wireless communication systems. In order to achieve reliable communication in fading environments, channel coding and diversity techniques were proposed and implemented. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is one of the diversity techniques which uses multiple transmission and reception nodes per terminal to obtain diversity gains for reduced errors in the transmission of data. But cooperative diversity techniques can realize this purpose without installing multiple transmission antennas per terminal. The broadcasting nature of wireless medium allows neighbouring relay nodes to cooperate in communication by forwarding information from source nodes to destination nodes for fading mitigation. Therefore, cooperative communication system utilizes multiple communication routes created by relay nodes and exploits the inherent spatial diversity of the channel for information transmission. While classical single hop communication systems use direct transmission in which a receiver recovers the information using the direct signal only and regarding the reflected signal as interference, the cooperative communication systems consider the other signal as contribution. Therefore, cooperative diversity retrieves information from the combination of two or more signals. In other words, cooperative diversity is a virtual antenna diversity technique that uses distributed antennas belonging to each node in a wireless network for communication. Cooperative diversity is particularly considered useful in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, where power/bandwidth/size restrictions of the mobile nodes may prevent the use of other diversity techniques to combat channel fading. In all scenarios, cooperation among mobile users of a wireless system has the potential to provide an increased capacity in comparison with the systems without using cooperation. However, in most cases, cooperative communication attains this improvement in error performance by sacrificing the throughput of wireless network. In such cases, network coding technique can substantially improve the data rate of cooperative wireless networks by intelligently combining the forwarded packets of information at the relay nodes. Network coding was originally proposed for lossless communication systems to increase the throughput of routing networks. But the integration of network coding with cooperative wireless networks has the potential to ensure more efficient usage of resources with improved error performance in fading environments. Network coding can ensure the capability to address the ever increasing number of users and devices in wireless networks, in beyond 5G standards. The broadcast nature of wireless systems allows the joint implementation of cooperative communication and network coding, exploiting the benefits of both techniques. In this context, several types of network coding have been discussed in literature in the recent years but each type involves the concept of combining and transmitting the functions of information packets at the relay nodes. In this thesis, random linear network coding, complex field network coding and exclusive-OR (XOR) network coding are simulated and analyzed in different perspectives. In the first part of this thesis, the performance of random linear network coding systems is investigated for Rayleigh and Rician fading channels in terms of decoding failure probabilities at destination nodes. In random linear network coding systems, the information bits at the intermediate nodes are received as packet vectors and the intermediate nodes encode the information data by linearly combining the received packets, with coefficients randomly extracted from the Galois field of a particular size, with equal probability. The setup considered in this section consists of multiple source, relay and destination nodes, with no direct links between sources and destinations. The communication channel outage and hence the packet loss in the given system occurs due to fading. The simulation results for the supposed system model show that the packet decoding failure probabilities are not only determined by the fading environment but also by the coefficients used in the network coding at the relay nodes. In fading channels, decoding failure probabilities can be reduced by increasing the size of the Galois field that contains random coefficients for linear combination of packets at relay nodes. In the second part of this thesis, the bit error rate performance of complex field network coding is analyzed with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. In previous literatures, this analysis is performed for flat fading channels. The system model used in the performance evaluation contains multiple source nodes, single or multiple relay nodes and a single destination node. Both amplify and forward as well as decode and forward types of relays are assumed to obtain error performance results and for multi-relay system, relay selection is also taken into account for both amplify and forward and decode and forward relay types. Convolutional channel codes are also optionally integrated in the given system to boost the system performance and hard decision Viterbi decoding is used to decode source bits. In addition to this, asymmetric link environments, with relay nodes at different distances from sources and destination, are also considered. Multiuser detection rules with OFDM are employed at destination node and/or relay nodes to retrieve each source bits at the same time, for the above mentioned scenarios. The simulation results indicate that amplify and forward relay nodes outperform decode and forward relay nodes in all cases but are not very suitable from the implementation perspective since they require the storage of analog waveform at relays. Moreover, a considerable improvement is error performance can be observed when relay selection is provided in the system model with both amplify and forward and decode and forward types of relays. Finally, in asymmetric network, better error performance can be achieved by placing relay nodes closer to the source nodes. The third part of this thesis proposes the channel coded complex field network coding with OFDM, combining the mutual benefits of all the techniques involved and the performance evaluation is made in terms of bit error rate. This work is the extension of the Convolutional channel coded complex field network coding with OFDM and hard decision Viterbi decoding, presented in the second part. The system model is same as the second part with slow and frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. Again, both amplify and forward and decode and forward types of relays are considered in this context and relay selection is employed in scenarios with multiple relays. However, this part uses soft decision Viterbi and Max-Log-MAP decoding techniques for obtaining coded source bits and therefore, in this case, the multiuser detection rules provide log likelihood ratios for coded source bits. Moreover, the performance analysis is provided for Convolutional codes with different code rates and number of states in the trellis as well as for asymmetric link environments. From simulation results, it is seen that both soft decision Viterbi and Max-Log-MAP channel decoding techniques provide almost same bit error performance in the given system model. Amplify and forward performs better than decode and forward in all cases and relay selection techniques results in a noticeable performance gain. Convolutional codes with lower code rate and more number of trellis states can enhance the system performance considerably and asymmetric links also serve the similar purpose of performance improvement. The final part of thesis is related to an enhanced version of XOR network coding scheme for two-way relay networks, combined with OFDM. Compared to other conventional strategies for two-way relay networks, this strategy performs Galois field addition or bit-wise XOR coding of multiple information packets at sources. The XOR coded packet is transmitted to the relay nodes along with the information packets which facilitates redundancy to acquire transmit diversity gain for improving error performance of the two-way relay network. The system model consists of two source and different number of relay nodes with Convolutional channel encoding in the system to obtain desired error performance. Relay selection is also provided when there are multiple relays in the system and this provision not only improves the error performance but also gives better throughput. The results show that the redundancy provided at the transmission end of two-way relay network enhances bit error performance of the system.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Adaptive Communications for Next Generation Broadband Wireless Access Systems

Un dels aspectes claus en el disseny i gestió de les xarxes sense fils d'accés de banda ampla és l'ús eficient dels recursos radio. Des del punt de vista de l'operador, l'ample de banda és un bé escàs i preuat que s´ha d'explotar i gestionar de la forma més eficient possible tot garantint la qualitat del servei que es vol proporcionar. Per altra banda, des del punt de vista del usuari, la qualitat del servei ofert ha de ser comparable al de les xarxes fixes, requerint així un baix retard i una baixa pèrdua de paquets per cadascun dels fluxos de dades entre la xarxa i l'usuari. Durant els darrers anys s´han desenvolupat nombroses tècniques i algoritmes amb l'objectiu d'incrementar l'eficiència espectral. Entre aquestes tècniques destaca l'ús de múltiples antenes al transmissor i al receptor amb l'objectiu de transmetre diferents fluxos de dades simultaneament sense necessitat d'augmentar l'ample de banda. Per altra banda, la optimizació conjunta de la capa d'accés al medi i la capa física (fent ús de l'estat del canal per tal de gestionar de manera optima els recursos) també permet incrementar sensiblement l'eficiència espectral del sistema.L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és l'estudi i desenvolupament de noves tècniques d'adaptació de l'enllaç i gestió dels recursos ràdio aplicades sobre sistemes d'accés ràdio de propera generació (Beyond 3G). Els estudis realitzats parteixen de la premissa que el transmisor coneix (parcialment) l'estat del canal i que la transmissió es realitza fent servir un esquema multiportadora amb múltiples antenes al transmisor i al receptor. En aquesta tesi es presenten dues línies d'investigació, la primera per casos d'una sola antenna a cada banda de l'enllaç, i la segona en cas de múltiples antenes. En el cas d'una sola antena al transmissor i al receptor, un nou esquema d'assignació de recursos ràdio i priorització dels paquets (scheduling) és proposat i analitzat integrant totes dues funcions sobre una mateixa entitat (cross-layer). L'esquema proposat té com a principal característica la seva baixa complexitat i que permet operar amb transmissions multimedia. Alhora, posteriors millores realitzades per l'autor sobre l'esquema proposat han permès també reduir els requeriments de senyalització i combinar de forma óptima usuaris d'alta i baixa mobilitat sobre el mateix accés ràdio, millorant encara més l'eficiència espectral del sistema. En cas d'enllaços amb múltiples antenes es proposa un nou esquema que combina la selecció del conjunt optim d'antenes transmissores amb la selecció de la codificació espai- (frequència-) temps. Finalment es donen una sèrie de recomanacions per tal de combinar totes dues línies d'investigació, així con un estat de l'art de les tècniques proposades per altres autors que combinen en part la gestió dels recursos ràdio i els esquemes de transmissió amb múltiples antenes.Uno de los aspectos claves en el diseño y gestión de las redes inalámbricas de banda ancha es el uso eficiente de los recursos radio. Desde el punto de vista del operador, el ancho de banda es un bien escaso y valioso que se debe explotar y gestionar de la forma más eficiente posible sin afectar a la calidad del servicio ofrecido. Por otro lado, desde el punto de vista del usuario, la calidad del servicio ha de ser comparable al ofrecido por las redes fijas, requiriendo así un bajo retardo y una baja tasa de perdida de paquetes para cada uno de los flujos de datos entre la red y el usuario. Durante los últimos años el número de técnicas y algoritmos que tratan de incrementar la eficiencia espectral en dichas redes es bastante amplio. Entre estas técnicas destaca el uso de múltiples antenas en el transmisor y en el receptor con el objetivo de poder transmitir simultáneamente diferentes flujos de datos sin necesidad de incrementar el ancho de banda. Por otro lado, la optimización conjunta de la capa de acceso al medio y la capa física (utilizando información de estado del canal para gestionar de manera óptima los recursos) también permite incrementar sensiblemente la eficiencia espectral del sistema.El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de adaptación del enlace y la gestión de los recursos radio, y su posterior aplicación sobre los sistemas de acceso radio de próxima generación (Beyond 3G). Los estudios realizados parten de la premisa de que el transmisor conoce (parcialmente) el estado del canal a la vez que se considera que la transmisión se realiza sobre un sistema de transmisión multiportadora con múltiple antenas en el transmisor y el receptor. La tesis se centra sobre dos líneas de investigación, la primera para casos de una única antena en cada lado del enlace, y la segunda en caso de múltiples antenas en cada lado. Para el caso de una única antena en el transmisor y en el receptor, se ha desarrollado un nuevo esquema de asignación de los recursos radio así como de priorización de los paquetes de datos (scheduling) integrando ambas funciones sobre una misma entidad (cross-layer). El esquema propuesto tiene como principal característica su bajo coste computacional a la vez que se puede aplicar en caso de transmisiones multimedia. Posteriores mejoras realizadas por el autor sobre el esquema propuesto han permitido también reducir los requisitos de señalización así como combinar de forma óptima usuarios de alta y baja movilidad. Por otro lado, en caso de enlaces con múltiples antenas en transmisión y recepción, se presenta un nuevo esquema de adaptación en el cual se combina la selección de la(s) antena(s) transmisora(s) con la selección del esquema de codificación espacio-(frecuencia-) tiempo. Para finalizar, se dan una serie de recomendaciones con el objetivo de combinar ambas líneas de investigación, así como un estado del arte de las técnicas propuestas por otros autores que combinan en parte la gestión de los recursos radio y los esquemas de transmisión con múltiples antenas.In Broadband Wireless Access systems the efficient use of the resources is crucial from many points of views. From the operator point of view, the bandwidth is a scarce, valuable, and expensive resource which must be exploited in an efficient manner while the Quality of Service (QoS) provided to the users is guaranteed. On the other hand, a tight delay and link quality constraints are imposed on each data flow hence the user experiences the same quality as in fixed networks. During the last few years many techniques have been developed in order to increase the spectral efficiency and the throughput. Among them, the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver (exploiting spatial multiplexing) with the joint optimization of the medium access control layer and the physical layer parameters.In this Ph.D. thesis, different adaptive techniques for B3G multicarrier wireless systems are developed and proposed focusing on the SS-MC-MA and the OFDM(A) (IEEE 802.16a/e/m standards) communication schemes. The research lines emphasize into the adaptation of the transmission having (Partial) knowledge of the Channel State Information for both; single antenna and multiple antenna links. For single antenna links, the implementation of a joint resource allocation and scheduling strategy by including adaptive modulation and coding is investigated. A low complexity resource allocation and scheduling algorithm is proposed with the objective to cope with real- and/or non-real- time requirements and constraints. A special attention is also devoted in reducing the required signalling. However, for multiple antenna links, the performance of a proposed adaptive transmit antenna selection scheme jointly with space-time block coding selection is investigated and compared with conventional structures. In this research line, mainly two optimizations criteria are proposed for spatial link adaptation, one based on the minimum error rate for fixed throughput, and the second focused on the maximisation of the rate for fixed error rate. Finally, some indications are given on how to include the spatial adaptation into the investigated and proposed resource allocation and scheduling process developed for single antenna transmission

Performance evaluation of OFDM based wireless communication systems using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) based high performance computing

Wireless communication is one of the fastest developing technologies of current decade. Achieving high data rate under constrained condition demand sophisticated signal processing algorithms which in turn demand complex computational processing. Modern wireless communication techniques using OFDM demand substantial computational resources for implementation. An OFDM system with 2048 subcarriers typically requires a 2048 point IFFT for transmission and 2048 point FFT for reception. When signal processing techniques like PAPR, pre-equalization, equalization, pilot carrier insertion are implemented, the complexity increases considerably. This large complexity demands use of high performance computing systems for efficient implementation. This primary aim of this project was to take up this investigation. Rapid growth in computing and communications technology has led to the proliferation of powerful parallel and distributed computing paradigm leading to innovation in high performance computing and communications (HPCC). In this project, the performance of advanced wireless communication algorithms on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) based high performance computing hardware has been evaluated. The computationally expensive multi-carrier wireless communication systems along with associated signal processing techniques have been implemented on GPU with an aim to reduce computation time. This project proposes the use of GPU architecture for efficient implementation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Physical Layer, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) OFDM system and Partial Transmit sequence (PTS) technique for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction in OFDM system. The implementation of this new method is expected to provide promising ways to implement complex wireless communication systems using GPU based computing hardware

Transmit and receive techniques for MIMO-OFDM systems

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Residue number system coded differential space-time-frequency coding.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.The rapidly growing need for fast and reliable transmission over a wireless channel motivates the development of communication systems that can support high data rates at low complexity. Achieving reliable communication over a wireless channel is a challenging task largely due to the possibility of multipaths which may lead to intersymbol interference (ISI). Diversity techniques such as time, frequency and space are commonly used to combat multipath fading. Classical diversity techniques use repetition codes such that the information is replicated and transmitted over several channels that are sufficiently spaced. In fading channels, the performance across some diversity branches may be excessively attenuated, making throughput unacceptably small. In principle, more powerful coding techniques can be used to maximize the diversity order. This leads to bandwidth expansion or increased transmission power to accommodate the redundant bits. Hence there is need for coding and modulation schemes that provide low error rate performance in a bandwidth efficient manner. If diversity schemes are combined, more independent dimensions become available for information transfer. The first part of the thesis addresses achieving temporal diversity through employing error correcting coding schemes combined with interleaving. Noncoherent differential modulation does not require explicit knowledge or estimate of the channel, instead the information is encoded in the transitions. This lends itself to the possibility of turbo-like serial concatenation of a standard outer channel encoder with an inner modulation code amenable to noncoherent detection through an interleaver. An iterative approach to joint decoding and demodulation can be realized by exchanging soft information between the decoder and the demodulator. This has been shown to be effective and hold hope for approaching capacity over fast fading channels. However most of these schemes employ low rate convolutional codes as their channel encoders. In this thesis we propose the use of redundant residue number system codes. It is shown that these codes can achieve comparable performance at minimal complexity and high data rates. The second part deals with the possibility of combining several diversity dimensions into a reliable bandwidth efficient communication scheme. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been used to combat multipaths. Combining OFDM with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to form MIMO-OFDM not only reduces the complexity by eliminating the need for equalization but also provides large channel capacity and a high diversity potential. Space-time coded OFDM was proposed and shown to be an effective transmission technique for MIMO systems. Spacefrequency coding and space-time-frequency coding were developed out of the need to exploit the frequency diversity due to multipaths. Most of the proposed schemes in the literature maximize frequency diversity predominantly from the frequency-selective nature of the fading channel. In this thesis we propose the use of residue number system as the frequency encoder. It is shown that the proposed space-time-frequency coding scheme can maximize the diversity gains over space, time and frequency domains. The gain of MIMO-OFDM comes at the expense of increased receiver complexity. Furthermore, most of the proposed space-time-frequency coding schemes assume frequency selective block fading channels which is not an ideal assumption for broadband wireless communications. Relatively high mobility in broadband wireless communications systems may result in high Doppler frequency, hence time-selective (rapid) fading. Rapidly changing channel characteristics impedes the channel estimation process and may result in incorrect estimates of the channel coefficients. The last part of the thesis deals with the performance of differential space-time-frequency coding in fast fading channels