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    Estimating Local Traffic Density Using a Preceding Vehicle Recognition Algorithm

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์žฅ์ˆ˜์€.The existing traffic information collection system is based on fixed detectors, causing space-time constraints. It can only detects where detector is installed and uses the time aggregated data which means unavailable to use short-term data. To overcome these limitations, it has recently shifted to a mobile traffic data collection system in order to enable real-time traffic data collection. Particularly, studies using wireless communication technology and smartphone data are being actively carried out to estimate real-time vehicle speed and traffic volume. However, the traffic density which is also an import indicator of road congestion and service levels still uses aggregated estimate values. Traditional traffic density estimation methodology could not correctly measure the Real-time traffic density and is difficult to adapt the upcoming technology such as autonomous driving and cluster driving. In this regard, this study defined the number of vehicles in a specific unit section centered on a driving vehicle on the road as a local traffic density. Moreover, this study also proposed an image-based preceding vehicle recognition algorithm to estimate local traffic density that changes in short time units. Preceding vehicle recognition algorithm consists of deep learning-based vehicle recognition, unit section length error calibration according to road alignment, and local traffic density estimation. On the image big data collected on the real driving condition, this study examined the results of the algorithm applied to the evaluation of vehicle recognition performance, the comparison before and after road alignment error calibration, and the estimate of local traffic density. The results and implications of estimating the local traffic density using a preceding vehicle recognition algorithm are as follows. First, the YOLO model, the most appropriate image processing algorithm, was used to recognize the vehicle from the real driving condition image. When the initial model of YOLO was applied, the performance was lower than the precedent studies but identified the cause and derived solutions. The final YOLO algorithm built in this study shows a high recognition rate and accuracy through a series of calibrations and complementary processes to suit the actual road environment in Korea. Second, the road alignment was divided into vertical and horizontal alignments. Each method implemented error calibration to perform a local traffic density estimation. The average value of the road centerline length which is a unit section of local traffic density increased by 0.55m and 1.27m, respectively, as a result of vertical and horizontal alignment calibration. Given the road geometry features of the image data collection section, the results are reasonable. However, there is a limitation to the failure of the dataset to consist of various road alignment image dataset. Nevertheless, since the road sector is an arterial road connecting suburban residential areas and urban areas, it has the advantage of collecting various traffic levels and vehicle types. Thirdly, there are some limitations on research equipment. The video equipment for collecting image data was installed at the external top of the moving observer, which is generally difficult to collect by installing it at the height of ordinary passenger cars. In this study, it was inevitable to achieve the minimum shooting height to set the road centerline length, which is a unit of density. However, it was effective in determining the appropriate unit section setting and road alignment by expanding the range of shooting as much as possible. The local traffic density estimation using the forward vehicle recognition algorithm proposed in this study can be used for the following advanced research in the future. It would be available to estimate the traffic density of entire road section using local traffic density with various models such as stochastic model, machine learning and so on. Besides, this methodology can be used as one of the Measure of Effectiveness to evaluate the Level of Service of the short road section in real time.๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตํ†ต์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •์‹ ๊ฒ€์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ง‘๊ณ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ด๋™์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌด์„ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ์ง‘๊ณ„๋œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰, ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ฃผํ–‰ ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฐ€๋„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ „๋ฐฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ์ฆ‰, ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ธ์‹, ๋„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ธธ์ด ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ณด์ •, ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋น…๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๋„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ณด์ • ์ „ํ›„ ๋น„๊ต, ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ YOLO(Yon-Only-Look-Once) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. YOLO์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ YOLO ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋„๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ์ธ์‹๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜•์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ข…๋‹จ ์„ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ‰๋ฉด ์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ณด์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ธ ๋„๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„  ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์€ 1m๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„๋กœ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜• ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ ์€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ๋„๋กœ ์ฃผํ–‰์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ต์™ธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋„์‹ฌ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ ๋„๋กœ๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ข… ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์žฅ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์Šน์šฉ์ฐจ ๋†’์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„  ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ดฌ์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„“ํ˜€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฐฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋„๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ •์— ํ™•์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ชจํ˜• ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋„๋กœ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต์  ์งง์€ ๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 ์ œ2์žฅ ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ 6 1. ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2. ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 8 3. ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 11 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  12 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ฐœ์š” 12 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ „๋ฐฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 12 1. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜(You-Only-Look-Once) ๊ฐœ์š” 12 2. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง 14 3. YOLO ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ•™์Šต 17 4. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 19 5. ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ • 21 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณด์ • 22 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 22 2. ์ข…๋‹จ ์„ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ณด์ • 24 3. ํ‰๋ฉด ์„ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ณด์ • 27 ์ œ4์žฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ 32 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 32 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ 34 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 36 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 36 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ • 40 1. ๋„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณด์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 40 2. ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ตํ†ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ถ”์ • 47 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  52 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 54 Abstract 60์„
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