Bosnia and Hercegovina

Bosnia-Hercegovina declared sovereignty and seceded from the residue of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) in October 1991, following similar action, first by Slovenia, then by Croatia and after a plebiscite, boycotted by many ethnic Serbs, in which a majority of those voting backed independence. The following April, Bosnia-Hercegovina (BiH[a]) was recognised as a legal entity by the EU and USA. A month later it was admitted to the UN. With secession came internal conflict and external aggression, fomented by nationalists in the Croat and Muslim as well as Serb communities. The war left a quarter of a million people dead, maimed or traumatised, and the economy, infrastructure and physical and social fabric of the country in ruins. It seems fitting to dedicate this chapter to the large numbers of Bosnians (of all nationalities as well as none) who tried their utmost to prevent the war and who continue today to work for a multiethnic, democratic and environmentally healthy Bosnia. In particular, it is dedicated to those who remained in its capital Sarajevo throughout its siege by those who hoped to destroy both the city and the ideals that it represented

A study of the after-war issues affecting tourism in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Masteroppgave i International business and marketing (MSc

Croatian-Hungarian trans-border relationships from state socialism until today, with special attention to the euroregions

On the whole we can claim that in the last almost sixty years there was a significant change in Croatian-Hungarian trans-border relationships. State-governed cooperation was replaced by project-controlled co-operations under the guidance of local-governments and the civil sphere. Unfortunately, stock and human workforce deficit very often obstructs success. Besides it is a permanent problem in our country that state politics has a great influence on local-government politics. So in a certain euroregion the success of operation highly depends on where the local-governments and civil organization belong to politically and on the leaders' ability to validate their interests. As a result of stock deficit mentioned previously project-based co-operations occurred.1 But these ad hoc project associations are not able and won't even be able to use union sources efficiently and generate any kind of long-term regional development.On the whole we can claim that in the last almost sixty years there was a significant change in Croatian-Hungarian trans-border relationships. State-governed cooperation was replaced by project-controlled co-operations under the guidance of local-governments and the civil sphere. Unfortunately, stock and human workforce deficit very often obstructs success. Besides it is a permanent problem in our country that state politics has a great influence on local-government politics. So in a certain euroregion the success of operation highly depends on where the local-governments and civil organization belong to politically and on the leaders' ability to validate their interests. As a result of stock deficit mentioned previously project-based co-operations occurred.1 But these ad hoc project associations are not able and won't even be able to use union sources efficiently and generate any kind of long-term regional development

Opportunities for development of tourism and small enterprises in Dojran municipality in Macedonia

Tourism is distinguished as a priority area of intervention in the municipality of Dojran. This is primarily due to its importance and the role in the economic development of the municipality and the fact that wider population and economic entities are involved in tourism. In terms of the activity performed, the majority of small enterprises in Dojran region or 57.5% are registered as enterprises for accommodation and realization of activities for preparing meals and serving food, 15% carry out trade entrepreneurial activity from the area of wholesale and retail trading, 7.8% produce plant and animal products and deal with hunting and services, fishery and aquaculture, 6.7% of small enterprises are pursuing entrepreneurial activities in the field of land transport and 4.3% of small enterprises are pursuing other entertainment activities. Part of the structures and capabilities that make tourism (tourism facilities and infrastructure, natural resources, etc.), represent strong side of the municipality, where the advantages should be used as a platform for taking measures and actions for its strengthening, and treats (unused touristic capacities,insufficiency of skilled labor,etc.) should be used to work on elimination of such occurrences and building a foundation for their improvement and transformation into strengths. The promotion of tourism and small-size enterprises in the municipality will affect the realization of other economic and social strategic goals, set out in other priority areas. Key words: tourism destination, tourism, small enterprise

2008 Crises in Economies of Balkan Countries

Balkan countries, block of Albania, Serbia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Romania, Montenegro, Macedonia have somewhat specific path toward future economic growth . Although some of them are part of EU community ( Bulgaria Romania ) and they have experienced the highest GDP growth rate 2014/2000 , significant number of countries still wait to become member of EU and to be able to further form a bridge toward Asia, Middle East, Africa. Ways to make further progress in such a heterogeneous environment, consequences of 2008 crises and ways how to incorporate predictions in GDP reasoning are some of points that this paper tackles

2008 Crises in Economies of Balkan Countries

Balkan countries, block of Albania, Serbia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Romania, Montenegro, Macedonia have somewhat specific path toward future economic growth . Although some of them are part of EU community ( Bulgaria Romania ) and they have experienced the highest GDP growth rate 2014/2000 , significant number of countries still wait to become member of EU and to be able to further form a bridge toward Asia, Middle East, Africa. Ways to make further progress in such a heterogeneous environment, consequences of 2008 crises and ways how to incorporate predictions in GDP reasoning are some of points that this paper tackles

Sarajevo - a border city caught between its multicultural past, the Bosnian war and a European future

The analysis is devoted to the city of Sarajevo and its turbulent history as being an illustrative case for how political borders have been symbolically reconstructed on ethnic lines in the Balkans for the last five centuries. Key historical periods such as the Austro-Hungarian period, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and next the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Olympic Games, the war and the Dayton Peace Agreement including its aftermath shall be discussed in turn. Some of the most significant events that have shaped the history of the 20th century have directly marked the city of Sarajevo and they tackle some of the most intricate issues that dominate European history as a whole such as national belonging, political ideologies, and religious beliefs. Several milestones can be traced in this regard: the beginning of the first World War, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the second World War, Tito's political vision and the prosperous era of socialist Yugoslavia, the dissolution of Yugoslavia and violent ethnic war, the period of peace building and post-conflict reconstruction which is still ongoing. The aim of the study is to analyse the events and patterns which might have contributed to changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s capital city. The main argument that the analysis tries to put forward is that the post-conflict Sarajevo's governance structure has maintained and institutionalised the ethnic divisions and political differences in the country and city’s reality