Effects of environmental parameters to total, quantum and classical correlations

We quantify the total, quantum, and classical correlations with entropic measures, and quantitatively compare these correlations in a quantum system, as exemplified by a Heisenberg dimer which is subjected to the change of environmental parameters: temperature and nonuniform external field. Our results show that the quantum correlation may exceed the classical correlation at some nonzero temperatures, though the former is rather fragile than the later under thermal fluctuation. The effect of the external field to the classical correlation is quite different from the quantum correlation.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

The Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Bayesian Updating

Recent evidence suggests that nearly 25% of U.S. adults (47 million) suffer from some level of sleep deprivation. The impact of this sleep deprivation on the U.S. economy includes direct medical expenses related to sleep deprivation and related disorders, the cost of accidents, and the cost of reduced worker productivity. Sleep research has examined the effects of sleep deprivation on a number of performance measures, but the effects of sleep deprivation on decision-making under uncertainty are largely unknown. In this article, subjects perform a decision task (Grether, 1980) in both a well-rested and experimentally sleep-deprived state. The experimental task allows us to explore the extent to which subjects weight prior odds versus new evidence (i.e., information) when forming subjective (posterior) beliefs of a particular event. Wellrested subjects display a tendency to overweight the evidence in forming subjective posterior probability estimates, which is inconsistent with Bayes rule but possibly consistent with use of a ‘representativeness’ heuristic. In his original Bayes rule experiment, Grether (1980) also found that typical student-subjects overweighted the evidence relative to the prior odds in making posterior assessments. Ironically, behavior following sleep-deprivation is more consistent with the use of Bayes rule, because this treatment significantly reduces the (over)weight that subjects place on the new evidence. Because choice accuracy is not significantly affected by sleep deprivation, the significant difference in estimated decision-model parameters may indicate that the brain compensates under adversity in certain risky choice decision environments.

Nonlinear effects and the behavior of total hadronic and photonic cross sections

In this work we use an eikonalized minijet model where the effects of the first nonlinear corrections to the DGLAP equations are taken into account. The contributions coming from gluon recombination effects are included in the DGLAP+GLRMQ approach for the free proton in the context of saturation models. The parameters of the model are fixed to fit total $pp$ and $\bar p p$ cross sections, including the very recent data from LHC, HiRes and P. Auger Collaborations. Glauber and multiple scattering approximations are then used to describe the inclusive inelastic proton-Air cross section. Photoproduction cross sections, without change of parameters fixed before, are also obtained from the model using Vector Meson Dominance and the Additive Quark Model. We show and discuss our main results as well as the implications of saturation effects in the behavior of total hadronic and photonic cross sections at very high energies.Comment: 9 pages, 4 (new) figures, 1 (new) table; Minor changes to match published version in PR

Total gluon shadowing due to fluctuation effects

We show a new physical phenomenon expected for the ratio R_{pA} of the unintegrated gluon distribution of a nucleus over the unintegrated gluon distribution of a proton scaled up by the atomic factor A^{1/3} in the fluctuation-dominated (diffusive scaling) region at high energy. We calculate the dependence of R_{pA} on the atomic number A, the rapidity Y and the transverse gluon momentum k_{\perp}. We find that R_{pA} exhibits an increasing gluon shadowing with growing rapidity, approaching 1/A^{1/3} at asymptotic rapidities which means total gluon shadowing, due to the effect of gluon number fluctuations or Pomeron loops. The increase of R_{pA} with rising gluon momentum decreases as the rapidity grows. In contrast, in the geometric scaling region where the effect of fluctuations is negligible, the ratio R_{pA} shows only partial gluon shadowing in the fixed-coupling case, basically independent on the rapidity and the gluon momentum.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure; two plots and further explanations added; matches version accepted for publicatio

Irradiate-anneal screening of total dose effects in semiconductor devices

An extensive investigation of irradiate-anneal (IRAN) screening against total dose radiation effects was carried out as part of a program to harden the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 (MJS'77) spacecraft to survive the Jupiter radiation belts. The method consists of irradiating semiconductor devices with Cobalt-60 to a suitable total dose under representative bias conditions and of separating the parts in the undesired tail of the distribution from the bulk of the parts by means of a predetermined acceptance limit. The acceptable devices are then restored close to their preirradiation condition by annealing them at an elevated temperature. IRAN was used when lot screen methods were impracticable due to lack of time, and when members of a lot showed a diversity of radiation response. The feasibility of the technique was determined by testing of a number of types of linear bipolar integrated circuits, analog switches, n-channel JFETS and bipolar transistors. Based on the results of these experiments a number of device types were selected for IRAN of flight parts in the MJS'77 spacecraft systems. The part types, screening doses, acceptance criteria, number of parts tested and rejected as well as the program steps are detailed

The first total synthesis of N1999-A2: absolute stereochemistry and stereochemical implications into DNA cleavage

Enediyne antitumor antibiotics have attracted immense attention among chemists and biologists alike because of their unique chemical structures, potent antitumor activities, and fascinating biological modes of action. As a novel addition to this family, the nonprotein and extremely strained nine-membered enediyne antibiotic N1999-A2 strongly inhibits the growth of various tumor cell lines and bacteria, and cleaves DNA in a base-specific manner. The attractive features of this molecule lie not only within the chemical structure being analogous to the neocarzinostatin chromophore, itself a potent anticancer agent, but also in that it can invoke remarkably strong biological activities even without a stabilizing apoprotein carrier and a glycoside functionality that can accelerate the rate of DNA cleavage. In this regard, N1999-A2 serves as a leading enediyne-based antitumor agent with minimal functionality that is able to act on DNA selectively. We therefore focused on this unique, unstable, and stereochemically unknown compound and undertook the formidable challenge of devising an efficient strategy that would be flexible enough to ultimately construct a series of related highly strained systems

The economic impact of the Liberty Oil Project A focus on employment and wages during the construction phase

We analyze the employment and wages effects that will stem from the construction phase of the Liberty project in Alaska. These economic impacts were generated using inputs provided by Hilcorp. We used a standard input output model –IMPLAN– to estimate the ripple effects from the employment and wages directly associated with the project. We find the following: - Direct employment peaks in 2020 at around 300 annualized jobs. - Direct wages also peak in 2020 at 40 million dollars. - Total direct employment from 2017 to 2023 is 1,019 jobs. - Total direct wages from 2017 to 2023 are about 141 million dollars. - Total direct wages including benefits and burdens are about 201 million dollars. 1 - The total employment- including direct, indirect, and induced- from the Liberty project between 2017 and 2023 is expected to be close 2,700. - The total wages-indirect and induced- in 2017 dollars from the construction phase add up to 247 million dollars. - Our results focus on the onsite construction phase of the project and therefore only provide a partial picture of the full range of effects. For example, prolonging the life of the pipeline has broad effects on revenues and employment that we do not try to address. - We also do not look at the engineering and construction and transportation of drilling and production facilities, of which some portion may be constructed in Alaska

Effects of Planetary Wave-breaking on the Seasonal Variation of Total Column Ozone

The effects of planetary wave breaking on the seasonal variation of total column ozone are investigated using a zonally averaged chemical-radiative-transport model of the atmosphere. The planetary wave breaking effects of zonal wavenumbers k=1 and k=2 are significant in the middle latitude stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter, whereas only wave k=1 is important during Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter. The mixing and induced meridional circulation due to the planetary wave breaking increases the seasonal variation of total column ozone in NH (SH) middle latitudes by ∼20% (∼10%)

Differential Effects of Psychological and Physical Stress on the Sleep Pattern in Rats

In the present study, we investigated the acute effects of 2 different kinds of stress, namely physical stress (foot shock) and psychological stress (non-foot shock) induced by the communication box method, on the sleep patterns of rats. The sleep patterns were recorded for 6 h immediately after 1 h of stress. Physical and psychological stress had almost opposite effects on the sleep patterns: In the physical stress group, hourly total rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and total non-REM sleep were significantly inhibited, whereas psychological stress enhanced hourly total REM sleep but not total non-REM sleep. Further results showed that total REM sleep, total non-REM sleep, total sleep and the total number of REM sleep episodes in 5 h were reduced, and that sleep latency was prolonged compared to the control group. On the other hand, in the psychological stress group, the total REM sleep in 5 h was increased significantly due to the prolongation of the average duration of REM sleep episodes and reduced REM sleep latency. In addition, the plasma of corticosterone increased significantly after physical stress but not after psychological stress. These results suggested that the sleep patterns, particularly the patterns of REM sleep following physical and psychological stress, are probably regulated by 2 different pathways.</p

Total-pressure measurement in pulsating flows

Pneumatic-type probe was used as comparison instrument with total pressure tubes to determine true average pressure and, thus, to determine if nonlinear averaging effects were significant. Since pneumatic probe is more complicated to use than a total-pressure tube, it is used only as a comparison instrument to determine extent of averaging effects