The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products. Volume 2: Appendices

Contents Appendix I: Feed conversion efficiencies – in kg of feed (dry mass) per kg of output – per animal category and region Appendix II: Estimated consumption of feed per animal category and world region (103 ton dry mass/yr) Appendix III. Estimated consumption of feed per production system and world region (103 ton dry mass/yr) Appendix IV. Drinking and service water footprint per animal Appendix V. Water footprint of animals and animal products (m3/ton). Period 1996-200

Studies of a three-stage dark matter and neutrino observatory based on multi-ton combinations of liquid xenon and liquid argon detectors

We study a three stage dark matter and neutrino observatory based on multi-ton two-phase liquid Xe and Ar detectors with sufficiently low backgrounds to be sensitive to WIMP dark matter interaction cross sections down to 10E-47 cm^2, and to provide both identification and two independent measurements of the WIMP mass through the use of the two target elements in a 5:1 mass ratio, giving an expected similarity of event numbers. The same detection systems will also allow measurement of the pp solar neutrino spectrum, the neutrino flux and temperature from a Galactic supernova, and neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe to the lifetime level of 10E27 - 10E28 y corresponding to the Majorana mass predicted from current neutrino oscillation data. The proposed scheme would be operated in three stages G2, G3, G4, beginning with fiducial masses 1-ton Xe + 5-ton Ar (G2), progressing to 10-ton Xe + 50-ton Ar (G3) then, dependent on results and performance of the latter, expandable to 100-ton Xe + 500-ton Ar (G4). This method of scale-up offers the advantage of utilizing the Ar vessel and ancillary systems of one stage for the Xe detector of the succeeding stage, requiring only one new detector vessel at each stage. Simulations show the feasibility of reducing or rejecting all external and internal background levels to a level <1 events per year for each succeeding mass level, by utilizing an increasing outer thickness of target material as self-shielding. The system would, with increasing mass scale, become increasingly sensitive to annual signal modulation, the agreement of Xe and Ar results confirming the Galactic origin of the signal. Dark matter sensitivities for spin-dependent and inelastic interactions are also included, and we conclude with a discussion of possible further gains from the use of Xe/Ar mixtures

Investigating the Impact of Carbon Tax to Power Generation in Java-Bali System by Applying Optimization Technique

Java-Bali power system dominates the national installed capacity and will contribute to about 76% of the national CO2 emissions from the electricity sector in the future. Thus, minimizing CO2 emission from the Java-Bali system can help Indonesia to reduce the national CO2 emissions level. We apply optimization approach to investigate this problem by including carbon tax into the cost function. We analyzed data based on electricity generating system in 2008. In general the optimization showed that diesel and gas turbine is not needed in the power plant system. Further, the simulation showed that if Indonesia adopted carbon tax by US$56/ton CO2 - USD 86/tCO2; it will lead to three major changing. First, carbon tax will increase the cost of power plant or equivalently increase tax revenue to about 2.1$ 50/tCO2. There are some weaknesses from this study such as not use strong assumption for availability factor and generating costs. This study proposed that government needs to optimize utilization of combine cycle power plan to offset steam power and implement carbon tax above US$ 50/ ton CO2, to reduce CO2 emissions significantly.Power generation, Carbon tax, Optimization

Mechanized system for in-field oil palm fresh fruit bunches collection-transportation

A new machine system was developed to overcome the limitations for the in-field collection-transportation of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) with the commonly used mini tractor-trailer with grabber in the oil palm plantations in Malaysia. This single chassis 50.5 kW universal prime mover was operated at 2,600 rpm and had a 4 wheel dirve and a collection-transportation attachment with a 1,500 kg payload storage bin. The machine system had an output of 2.526 ton/h or 20.213 ton/day on sloping terrain and 2.620 ton/h or 20.965 ton/day on gently undulating terrain. Operating cost reductions were in the range of 10.26 % to 14.44 % per ton or operating cost savings in the range of USD 0.27/ton to USD 0.38/ton over that of the mini tractor-trailer with grabber. Generally, this new machine system offered a good technological solution for in-field collection-transportation of FFB for the oil palm plantation industry in Malaysia

Measured performance of a 3 ton LiBr absorption water chiller and its effect on cooling system operation

A three ton lithium bromide absorption water chiller was tested for a number of conditions involving hot water input, chilled water, and the cooling water. The primary influences on chiller capacity were the hot water inlet temperature and the cooling water inlet temperature. One combination of these two parameters extended the output to as much as 125% of design capacity, but no combination could lower the capacity to below 60% of design. A cooling system was conceptually designed so that it could provide several modes of operation. Such flexibility is needed for any solar cooling system to be able to accommodate the varying solar energy collection and the varying building demand. It was concluded that a three-ton absorption water chiller with the kind of performance that was measured can be incorporated into a cooling system such as that proposed, to provide efficient cooling over the specified ranges of operating conditions

Performance of a cryogenic system prototype for the XENON1T Detector

We have developed an efficient cryogenic system with heat exchange and associated gas purification system, as a prototype for the XENON1T experiment. The XENON1T detector will use about 3 ton of liquid xenon (LXe) at a temperature of 175K as target and detection medium for a dark matter search. In this paper we report results on the cryogenic system performance focusing on the dynamics of the gas circulation-purification through a heated getter, at flow rates above 50 Standard Liter per Minute (SLPM). A maximum flow of 114 SLPM has been achieved, and using two heat exchangers in parallel, a heat exchange efficiency better than 96% has been measured

A Flexible Inventory Model for Municipal Solid Waste Recycling

Most of the United States have laws mandating the recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW). In order to comply, municipalities recycle quotas of materials, without regard to fluctuating prices. An inventory system is proposed that allows municipalities to be sensitive to materials prices as they recycle in accordance with state mandates. A dynamic model is developed; it uses historical secondary material prices as exogenous inputs to minimize the net present value of MSW recycling system cost. The model provides a cost-effective method for municipalities to achieve their MSW recycling targets. The savings is approximately $1.43 per ton of MSW generated based on total MSW management costs of$13.5 per ton. The model also allows one to investigate the effectiveness of various strategies for increasing the recycling rate. These strategies include: reducing the transportation cost for recyclables, supporting the market price of selected secondary materials, and landfill bans on selected materials. This model may also be used to investigate the effect of market price changes on the portfolio of materials held in inventory for recycling.Municipal Solid Waste, Recycling, Inventory, Optimization

Stability Analysis of Oprit on the Sei Tuak Bridge with Reinforcement Modular System District Paser, Tanah Grogot

Height of oprit on Sei Tuak Bridge reaches 3,5 m. Oprit made by new system, modular wall. Advantages of modular system are : construcability, has a positive aspect of the schedule, the number of field workers and office project are few, aspect of quality dan productivity, testing. Modular walls is choosed to increase aesthetics value. Modular wall are used on sand. However, in Sei Tuak Bridge modular wall built on clay. The purpose of analysis are analyzed stability oprit on the Sei Tuak Bridge. The result of analysis shows : soil active pressure at the first segment is 0.193 ton detained by deadmen is 0.235 ton, at the second segment is 0.2895 ton detained by deadmen is 1.873 ton, at the third segment is 0.2895 ton detained by deadmen is 2.474 ton, at the fourth segment is 0.355 ton detained by deadmen is 3.075 ton, and the fifth segment is 0.732 ton detained by deadmen is 3.675 ton. Deadmen is located at a distance 3.5 m. Its longer than failure area at 2.103 m. Safety factor of tierod at the first segment is 22.854, at the second segment 15.236, at the third 15.236, at the fourth segment is 12.425, and at the fifth segment is 6.026. Safety factor of bearing capacity is 1.122. And safety factor of this modular wall stability is 2.724