Tracing the metabolic rift in Colombia's greengrocer: an environmental history of the Anaime Valley

This paper stems from research to reconstruct an environmental history of agriculture in the Anaime Canyon Valley and better understand the environmental consequences of having transformed the area into “Colombia's greengrocer”. We trace the origins and development of agro-food production and explore how commercial agriculture and dairy operations have transformed the landscape and local ecosystems in the Anaime valley, in light of Marx's concept of metabolic rift. Research is based on archival sources and a participatory reconstruction of the Anaime landscape from the historical memory of the campesinos, or rural inhabitants. The data shows how internal migration, rapid urban growth and improved transportation infrastructure in the valley during the mid-twentieth century hastened the turn toward intensive commercial agriculture. Increasing links to Colombia's urban markets have led to agricultural intensification and specialization in arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) production in the Anaime Canyon. As a result, soils and ecosystems have been depleted and agriculture depends increasingly on chemical inputs including fertilizers, indicating a growing metabolic rift.Este artículo nace de una investigación que busca reconstruir la historia ambiental de la agricultura en el cañón de Anaime, para entender las consecuencias ambientales de su conversión en la despensa agrícola de Colombia. Rastrea la producción agroalimentaria en el cañón hasta sus inicios y explora cómo la agricultura comercial y la producción de lácteos han transformado el paisaje y los ecosistemas locales. Las transformaciones en el paisaje de Anaime se analizan a la luz del concepto de brecha metabólica de Marx. La investigación se nutre de datos procedentes de fuentes de archivo y de una reconstrucción participativa del paisaje anaimuno, a partir de la memoria histórica de sus habitantes campesinos. Los datos muestran que la migración interna, la rápida urbanización y las mejoras en la infraestructura de transporte a mediados del siglo xx aceleraron la intensificación de la agricultura en el cañón. La creciente integración de Anaime a los mercados urbanos de Colombia condujo a la intensificación agrícola y a la especialización en la producción de arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza). Como resultado, los suelos y los ecosistemas se han deteriorado, y la agricultura depende cada vez más de insumos químicos, incluidos fertilizantes, lo que evidencia una creciente brecha metabólica

The Colombian conflict: a description of a mental health program in the Department of Tolima.

Colombia has been seriously affected by an internal armed conflict for more than 40 years affecting mainly the civilian population, who is forced to displace, suffers kidnapping, extortion, threats and assassinations. Between 2005 and 2008, Médecins Sans Frontières-France provided psychological care and treatment in the region of Tolima, a strategic place in the armed conflict. The mental health program was based on a short-term multi-faceted treatment developed according to the psychological and psychosomatic needs of the population. Here we describe the population attending during 2005-2008, in both urban and rural settings, as well as the psychological treatment provided during this period and its outcomes.We observed differences between the urban and rural settings in the traumatic events reported, the clinical expression of the disorders, the disorders diagnosed, and their severity. Although the duration of the treatment was limited due to security reasons and access difficulties, patient condition at last visit improved in most of the patients. These descriptive results suggest that further studies should be conducted to examine the role of short-term psychotherapy, adapted specifically to the context, can be a useful tool to provide psychological care to population affected by an armed conflict

The HABP2 G534E polymorphism does not increase nonmedullary thyroid cancer risk in Hispanics.

Familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) has not been clearly linked to causal germline variants, despite the large role that genetic factors play in risk. Recently, HABP2 G534E (rs7080536A) has been implicated as a causal variant in NMTC. We have previously shown that the HABP2 G534E variant is not associated with TC risk in patients from the British Isles. Hispanics are the largest and the youngest minority in the United States and NMTC is now the second most common malignancy in women from this population. In order to determine if the HABP2 G534E variant played a role in NMTC risk among Hispanic populations, we analyzed 281 cases and 1105 population-matched controls from a multicenter study in Colombia, evaluating the association through logistic regression. We found that the HABP2 G534E variant was not significantly associated with NMTC risk (P=0.843) in this Hispanic group. We also stratified available clinical data by multiple available clinicopathological variables and further analyzed the effect of HABP2 on NMTC presentation. However, we failed to detect associations between HABP2 G534E and NMTC risk, regardless of disease presentation (P≥0.273 for all cases). Therefore, without any significant associations between the HABP2 G534E variant and NMTC risk, we conclude that the variant is not causal of NMTC in this Hispanic population

Centrolene savagei

Number of Pages: 11Geological SciencesIntegrative Biolog

Analysis of antenal sensilla patterns of Rhodnius prolixus from Colombia and Venezuela

Antennal sensilla patterns were used to analyze population variation of domestic Rhodnius prolixus from six departments and states representing three biogeographical regions of Colombia and Venezuela. Discriminant analysis of the patterns of mechanoreceptors and of three types of chemoreceptors on the pedicel and flagellar segments showed clear differentiation between R. prolixus populations east and west of the Andean Cordillera. The distribution of thick and thin-walled trichoids on the second flagellar segment also showed correlation with latitude, but this was not seen in the patterns of other sensilla. The results of the sensilla patterns appear to be reflecting biogeographic features or population isolation rather than characters associated with different habitats and lend support to the idea that domestic R. prolixus originated in the eastern region of the Andes.Fil: Esteban, Lyda. Universidad Industrial de Santander; ColombiaFil: Angulo, Víctor Manuel. Universidad Industrial de Santander; ColombiaFil: Dora Feliciangeli, M.. Universidad de Carabobo; VenezuelaFil: Catala, Silvia Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Secretaría de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Provincia de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja; Argentin

Aproximaci?n taxon?mica al estudio de la familia Colubridae en el departamento del Tolima

113 p. Recurso Electr?nicoLas serpientes son parte fundamental de las cadenas tr?ficas, por lo que una disminuci?n de sus poblaciones conducir? irremediablemente a un desequilibrio del ecosistema. En el Tolima la gente mata indiscriminadamente las serpientes, ignorando que la mayor?a de las especies son inofensivas y s?lo del 10 al 15% son venenosas. En este trabajo se presenta la caracterizaci?n taxon?mica de las serpientes de la familia Colubridae que habitan en el departamento del Tolima. La escogencia de las Colubridae se debe a que constituyen la familia m?s abundante de serpientes. Esta investigaci?n se fundament? principalmente en la revisi?n de material de las principales colecciones biol?gicas del pa?s, en donde se tienen reportes de especies de serpientes para el Tolima. Para la identificaci?n de los ejemplares se utilizaron las claves dicot?micas de varias gu?as de campo. Se estableci? que el Tolima cuenta con 37 especies de col?bridos distribuidos en 24 g?neros. La mayor?a se encontraron al norte, centro y nororiente del departamento, mientras que en el sur se registr? el menor n?mero de especies. Las serpientes de esta familia mostraron una amplia distribuci?n altitudinal, desde los 270m hasta 2634m; sin embargo, a medida que aumenta la altitud disminuye la cantidad de especies. El trabajo realizado en las colecciones biol?gicas permiti? realizar una clave taxon?mica de las serpientes de la familia Colubridae del departamento del Tolima, que se va a dar a conocer a la comunidad local con fines biol?gicos y de educaci?n ambiental como aporte para la identificaci?n de estas especies.Snakes are a fundamental part of the food chain, thus a decrease in their population will inevitably lead to an imbalance in the ecosystem. In Tolima the people kill snakes indiscriminately ignoring that most of the species are harmless, and only 10 to 15% are venomous. In this study we made a taxonomic characterization of the Colubridae family present in the department of Tolima, since it is the most abundant family among snakes. This research is mainly based on a review of the material obtain from the principal biological collections of the country, where we can find snakes specimens from Tolima. Dichotomous keys of several field guides were used in order to identify the specimens. It was established that Tolima has 37 species of colubrids distributed within 24 genera. Most snakes were found at the north, central and northeastern region of the department, while in the south the lowest number of species was recorded, which is due to a great extend to the lack of record we have on this department area. The snakes of this family showed a wide elevation range from 270m to 2634m; however, it was found that as the elevation increases the number of species decreases. The work done in the biological collections facilitated the making of a taxonomic key for snakes of the Colubridae family in the department of Tolima, which would be publicly known to the local community for biological purposes and environmental education. Keywords: Altitude, Colubridae, Distribution, Taxonomy, Tolima

Remarks on Semileptonic B and D Decays into Orbitally Excited Mesons

We have obtained the differential decay rate and calculated the branching ratios of the exclusive semileptonic decays $B(D) \to Xl\nu$, where $X$ is a p-wave meson, using the nonrelativistic ISGW quark model. Our results are compared with the predictions of the ISGW2 model. We have computed some branching ratios that were not reported or were reported with 0.00 in this model. For example, we find that $Br(B_c^- \to \bar{B_{s2}^{*0}}l^-\bar{\nu}) = 4.03 \times 10^{-5}$, $Br(B_c^- \to \bar{B_2^{*0}}l^- \bar{\nu}) =3.65 \times 10^{-6}$ and $Br(D_s^+ \to f_2l^+\nu) = 2.7 \times 10^{-5}$, which seems to be at the reach of forthcoming experiments. Furthermore, we have classified the $B_{u,d,s} \to Tl\nu$ decays in two groups and compared the semileptonic and nonleptonic decays including a tensor meson in the final state.Comment: 11 pages, LaTe

Tensor mesons produced in tau lepton decays

Light tensor mesons (T = a_2, f_2 and K_2^*) can be produced in decays of tau leptons. In this paper we compute the branching ratios of tau --> T pi nu decays by assuming the dominance of intermediate virtual states to model the form factors involved in the relevant hadronic matrix element. The exclusive f_2(1270) pi^- decay mode turns out to have the largest branching ratio, of O(10^-4) . Our results indicate that the contributions of tensor meson intermediate states to the three-pseudoscalar channels of tau decays are rather small.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure. Version accepted for publication in PRD, some typos are corrected and comments are added in section 4. Conclusions remain unchange