Reconstructing the TIR side of the Myddosome: a paradigm for TIR-TIR interactions?

Members of the Toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor families all signal via Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain-driven assemblies with adaptors such as MyD88. We here combine the mammalian two-hybrid system MAPPIT and saturation mutagenesis to complement and extend crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance data, and reveal how TIR domains interact. We fully delineate the interaction sites on the MyD88 TIR domain for homo-oligomerization and for interaction with Mal and TLR4. Interactions between three sites drive MyD88 homo-oligomerization. The BB-loop interacts with the alpha E-helix, explaining how BB-loop mimetics inhibit MyD88 signaling. The alpha C'-helix interacts symmetrically. The MyD88 TIR domains thus assemble into a left-handed helix, compatible with the Myddosome death domain crystal structure. This assembly explains activation of MyD88 by Mal and by an oncogenic mutation, and regulation by phosphorylation. These findings provide a paradigm for the interaction of mammalian TIR domains

Apports de la segmentation de la population des dirigeants au processus de gestion des ressources humaines : Le cas de l’administration algérienne

A partir des résultats d’une enquête effectuée en 2005 sur un échantillon de 203 dirigeants publics, une typologie floue de trois profils a été dégagée en vue de concevoir un système d’affectation des dirigeants en fonction de leur style du leadership, sens du travail, et leurs préoccupations de gestion des ressources humaines. En se basant sur cette typologie floue, des techniques empruntées à l’intelligence artificielle ont été appliquées pour apprendre des règles de classification. Ces techniques sont au nombre de quatre : le réseau neuronal (Neural Network), l’algorithme génétique (Genetic Algorithm), l’arbre de décision (Decision Tree) et la théorie des ensembles approximatifs (Rough Sets). Les résultats de l’étude ainsi que ses perspectives seront présentées et discutés tout au long de cette communication

Cancer rate of the indeterminate lesions at low or high risk according to italian system for reporting of thyroid FNA

Background: Italian consensus for the classification and reporting of thyroid cytology (ICCRTC) has been used in almost all Italian institutions since 2014. High reliability of ICCRTC in classifying low and high risk indeterminate nodules (Tir 3A and Tir 3B, respectively) was demonstrated. Here we reviewed our casuistry of thyroid indeterminate lesions to analyze the histologic outcome. Methods: All lesions undergone FNA and final histology at S. Andrea Hospital of Rome after a cytologic assessment of Tir 3A and Tir 3B, according to ICCRTC, were included in the study. Results: A number of 157 indeterminate FNA was found after the introduction of ICCRTC. Of these, 75 undergone surgery and were finally included for the study. At histology we found a 33.3% of cancers and a 67.7% of benign lesions. Out of the overall series, 25 were classified as Tir 3A and 50 as Tir 3B. Cancer rate observed in Tir 3A (1/25, 4%) was significantly (p = 0.0002) lower than that of Tir 3B (24/50, 48%). No significant difference was found in age and size between the two subcategories. Conclusions: We confirm in our series that Italian consensus for the classification and reporting of thyroid cytology allows to discriminate indeterminate lesions at low and high risk of malignancy

Thermal Infrared Imaging Experiments of C-Type Asteroid 162173 Ryugu on Hayabusa2

The thermal infrared imager TIR onboard Hayabusa2 has been developed to investigate thermo-physical properties of C-type, near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu. TIR is one of the remote science instruments on Hayabusa2 designed to understand the nature of a volatile-rich solar system small body, but it also has significant mission objectives to provide information on surface physical properties and conditions for sampling site selection as well as the assessment of safe landing operations. TIR is based on a two-dimensional uncooled micro-bolometer array inherited from the Longwave Infrared Camera LIR on Akatsuki (Fukuhara et al., 2011). TIR takes images of thermal infrared emission in 8 to 12 μm with a field of view of 16×12∘ and a spatial resolution of 0.05∘ per pixel. TIR covers the temperature range from 150 to 460 K, including the well calibrated range from 230 to 420 K. Temperature accuracy is within 2 K or better for summed images, and the relative accuracy or noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) at each of pixels is 0.4 K or lower for the well-calibrated temperature range. TIR takes a couple of images with shutter open and closed, the corresponding dark frame, and provides a true thermal image by dark frame subtraction. Data processing involves summation of multiple images, image processing including the StarPixel compression (Hihara et al., 2014), and transfer to the data recorder in the spacecraft digital electronics (DE). We report the scientific and mission objectives of TIR, the requirements and constraints for the instrument specifications, the designed instrumentation and the pre-flight and in-flight performances of TIR, as well as its observation plan during the Hayabusa2 mission

The Survey of Lines in M31 (SLIM): The Drivers of the [CII]/TIR Variation

The ratio of the [CII] 158$\,\mu$m emission line over the total infrared emission (TIR) is often used as a proxy for the photoelectric (PE) heating efficiency ($\epsilon_{\rm PE}$) of the far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons absorbed by dust in the interstellar medium. In the nearby galaxy M31, we measure a strong radial variation of [CII]/TIR that we rule out as being due to an intrinsic variation in $\epsilon_{\rm PE}$. [CII]/TIR fails as a proxy for $\epsilon_{\rm PE}$, because the TIR measures all dust heating, not just the contribution from FUV photons capable of ejecting electrons from dust grains. Using extensive multiwavelength coverage from the FUV to far-infrared (FIR), we infer the attenuated FUV emission ($\rm UV_{att}$), and the total attenuated flux ($\rm TOT_{att}$). We find [CII]/TIR to be strongly correlated with $\rm UV_{att}$/$\rm TOT_{att}$, indicating that, in M31 at least, one of the dominant drivers for [CII]/TIR variation is the relative hardness of the absorbed stellar radiation field. We define $\rm{ \epsilon_{PE}^{UV}}$, [CII]/$\rm{ UV_{att}}$ which should be more closely related to the actual PE efficiency, which we find to be essentially constant ($1.85 \pm 0.8 \%$) in all explored fields in M31. This suggests that part of the observed variation of [CII]/TIR in other galaxies is likely due to a change in the relative hardness of the absorbed stellar radiation field, caused by a combination of variations in the stellar population, dust opacity and galaxy metallicity, although PE efficiency may also vary across a wider range of environments.Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in Ap