Buzz or Beep? How Mode of Alert Influences Driver Takeover Following Automation Failure

abstract: Highly automated vehicles require drivers to remain aware enough to takeover during critical events. Driver distraction is a key factor that prevents drivers from reacting adequately, and thus there is need for an alert to help drivers regain situational awareness and be able to act quickly and successfully should a critical event arise. This study examines two aspects of alerts that could help facilitate driver takeover: mode (auditory and tactile) and direction (towards and away). Auditory alerts appear to be somewhat more effective than tactile alerts, though both modes produce significantly faster reaction times than no alert. Alerts moving towards the driver also appear to be more effective than alerts moving away from the driver. Future research should examine how multimodal alerts differ from single mode, and see if higher fidelity alerts influence takeover times.Dissertation/ThesisMasters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 201

Predictions of Network Attacks in Collaborative Environment

This paper is a digest of the thesis on predicting cyber attacks in a collaborative environment. While previous works mostly focused on predicting attacks as seen from a single observation point, we proposed taking advantage of collaboration and exchange of intrusion detection alerts among organizations and networks. Thus, we can observe the cyber attack on a large scale and predict the next action of an adversary and its target. The thesis follows the three levels of cyber situational awareness: perception, comprehension, and projection. In the perception phase, we discuss the improvements of intrusion detection systems that allow for sharing intrusion detection alerts and their correlation. In the comprehension phase, we employed data mining to discover frequent attack patterns. In the projection phase, we present the analytical framework for the predictive analysis of the alerts backed by data mining and contemporary data processing approaches. The results are shown from experimental evaluation in the security alert sharing platform SABU, where real-world alerts from Czech academic and commercial networks are shared. The thesis is accompanied by the implementation of the analytical framework and a dataset that provides a baseline for future work

Intrusion Alert Quality Framework For Security False Alert Reduction [TH9737. N162 2007 f rb].

Tesis ini mengkaji rekabentuk dan perlaksanaan rangka-kerja yang mempersiapkan amaran-amaran keselamatan dengan metrik-metrik yang disahkan, memperkayakan amaran-amaran keselamatan dengan metrik-metrik tersebut dan akhirnya, menyeragamkan amaran-amaran tersebut dengan satu format yang dipersetujui agar sesuai digunakan oleh prosedur-prosedur penganalisaan amaran di peringkat tinggi. This thesis investigates the design and implementation of a framework to prepare security alerts with verified data quality metrics, enrich alerts with these metrics and finally, format the alerts in a standard format, suitable for consumption by highlevel alert analysis procedures

Are We Making Smart Pumps Smarter?

Background: Medication errors comprise a significant proportion of medical errors, and are abundant, costly, and associated with causing harm to patients via adverse drug events. The most serious medication errors often involve IV medications. Smart pumps were developed to improve patient safety by reducing medication errors. While some studies have found that smart pumps do not decrease medication errors, most have found they are effective to some degree. It is believed that routinely analyzing data on smart pump alerts, making corresponding adjustments in the drug libraries, and analyzing those adjustments can reduce alarm fatigue, which may then decrease medication errors by resulting in less smart pump users overriding the alerts and utilizing workarounds of smart pump safety features. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess if changes made to the Indiana University Health system smart pump drug library decreased nuisance alerts by comparing the actions taken in response to alerts before and after the changes were made. Methods: For a given change made to the Indiana University Health smart pump drug library on April 1, 2016, actions taken in response to alerts corresponding to that change three months prior to and three months after the change were analyzed. The primary outcome was the percent of total alerts that were overrides. Using data from the smart pumps, the number of overrides, reprograms, cancels, and total alerts for each drug in the first and second quarter were recorded. The percentage of total alerts that were overrides, the percentage of total alerts that were reprograms, and the ratio of overrides to reprograms for each quarter were calculated. Results: Analysis was conducted on 8 drugs: carboplatin, fentanyl PCA, hydromorphone PCA, morphine PCA, morphine PCA 10-24kg, morphine PCA \u3e40kg, naloxone, and octreotide. From the first quarter to the second quarter, the percent of overrides increased for 3 drugs, but for all 3, the number of overrides and total alerts decreased. Of the 5 drugs that had a decrease in the percent of overrides, 3 had an increase in the number of overrides and total alerts. Only 2 drugs had a decrease in the percent of overrides and the number of overrides and total alerts. Statistical significance was achieved only for hydromorphone PCA and morphine PCA. The difference between the first and second quarters in the all the measured outcomes varied between the drugs. Conclusions: Forming any definitive conclusions was difficult due to the results containing a significant amount of variation. The literature suggests methods to improve smart pump usage, and improve medication safety by extension. These methods are interfacing smart pumps with computerized physician order entry, clinical decision support systems, electronic medical record/electronic medication administration record, pharmacy information systems, bar-coded medication administration, and laboratory data, as well as improving smart pump safety features compliance through education of smart pump users, leadership support, including/consulting smart pump users in drug library design, and routinely using the event log data as a component of a continuous quality improvement program. These methods are all in line with the current, trending belief that the best method for preventing medication errors is making changes to the medication use system as a whole to correct underlying systems failures instead of addressing a single point, such a smart pump alerts

Video analytics system for surveillance videos

Developing an intelligent inspection system that can enhance the public safety is challenging. An efficient video analytics system can help monitor unusual events and mitigate possible damage or loss. This thesis aims to analyze surveillance video data, report abnormal activities and retrieve corresponding video clips. The surveillance video dataset used in this thesis is derived from ALERT Dataset, a collection of surveillance videos at airport security checkpoints. The video analytics system in this thesis can be thought as a pipelined process. The system takes the surveillance video as input, and passes it through a series of processing such as object detection, multi-object tracking, person-bin association and re-identification. In the end, we can obtain trajectories of passengers and baggage in the surveillance videos. Abnormal events like taking away other's belongings will be detected and trigger the alarm automatically. The system could also retrieve the corresponding video clips based on user-defined query

Information-seeking behaviour of physicists and astronomers

Purpose – The study examines two aspects of information seeking behaviour of physicists and astronomers including methods applied for keeping up-to-date and methods used for finding articles. The relationship between academic status and research field of users with their information seeking behaviour was investigated. Methodology/approach – Data were gathered using a questionnaire survey of PhD students and staff of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at University College London; 114 people (47.1 per cent response rate) participated in the survey. Findings – The study reveals differences among subfields of physics and astronomy in terms of information-seeking behaviour, highlights the need for and the value of looking at narrower subject communities within disciplines for a deeper understanding of the information behaviour of scientists. Originality/value – The study is the first study to deeply investigate intradisciplinary dissimilarities of information-seeking behaviour of scientists in a discipline. It is also an up-to-date account of information seeking behaviour of physicists and astronomers

Potential drug-drug interactions in the intensive care:Frequency, clinical relevance and improvement strategy

Drugs are an important part of medical treatment for patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). During medication prescribing, errors can occur, resulting in adverse drug events (ADEs). In hospitalized patients, around 16% of ADEs are caused by a potential drug-drug interaction (pDDI). ICU patients are particularly vulnerable to pDDIs due to polypharmacy and their compromised health. However, continuous monitoring facilitates effective and timely risk management of pDDIs. Computerized decision support systems (CDSSs) can support clinicians to prescribe medication safely, by showing pDDI alerts. Yet, CDSSs can generate irrelevant alerts, leading to alert fatigue, alert overrides and reduced CDSS effectiveness. To address this, we hypothesized that tailoring pDDI alerts to the ICU setting could improve alert relevance and advance CDSS effectiveness, resulting in less exposure to clinically relevant pDDIs for ICU patients.This thesis aims to answer the following questions:1. What is the frequency of clinically relevant pDDIs in the ICU?2. Which pDDIs are clinically relevant in the ICU setting?3. Does tailoring pDDI alerts to the ICU setting reduce the frequency of administering clinically relevant pDDIs? This thesis shows that 40% of the assessed pDDIs were considered not clinically relevant in the ICU. Still, ICU patients are frequently exposed to clinically relevant pDDIs, potentially resulting in patient harm. Therefore, the use of CDSSs to warn about these clinically relevant pDDIs is justified. Tailoring pDDI alerts to the ICU setting reduced exposure to clinically relevant pDDIs for ICU patients, improved patient monitoring, and decreased ICU length of stay

ATLANTIDES: An Architecture for Alert Verification in Network Intrusion Detection Systems

We present an architecture designed for alert verification (i.e., to reduce false positives) in network intrusion-detection systems. Our technique is based on a systematic (and automatic) anomaly-based analysis of the system output, which provides useful context information regarding the network services. The false positives raised by the NIDS analyzing the incoming traffic (which can be either signature- or anomaly-based) are reduced by correlating them with the output anomalies. We designed our architecture for TCP-based network services which have a client/server architecture (such as HTTP). Benchmarks show a substantial reduction of false positives between 50% and 100%

APHRODITE: an Anomaly-based Architecture for False Positive Reduction

We present APHRODITE, an architecture designed to reduce false positives in network intrusion detection systems. APHRODITE works by detecting anomalies in the output traffic, and by correlating them with the alerts raised by the NIDS working on the input traffic. Benchmarks show a substantial reduction of false positives and that APHRODITE is effective also after a "quick setup", i.e. in the realistic case in which it has not been "trained" and set up optimall