Approximation of Various Quantum Query Types

Query complexity measures the amount of information an algorithm needs about a problem to compute a solution. On a quantum computer there are different realizations of a query and we will show that these are not always equivalent. Our definition of equivalence is based on the ability to simulate (or approximate) one query type by another. We show that a bit query can always approximate a phase query with just two queries, while there exist problems for which the number of phase queries which are necessary to approximate a bit query must grow exponentially with the precision of the bit query. This result follows from the query complexity bounds for the evaluation problem, for which we establish a strong lower bound for the number of phase queries by exploiting a relation between quantum algorithms and trigonometric polynomials.Comment: New version. To be published in the Journal of Complexity in August. Extended by an additional sectio