Health Interventions and Risky Behaviour

This paper reviews the extent to which policy interventions can affect risky behaviours such as smoking, drinking and diet. The justification for such intervention is typically a market failure, broadly defined. The types of market failure typically encountered are discussed. First and second best interventions are examined and there is a review of the efficacy of such interventions with respect to Ireland.Risky behaviour, market failure

Taxation and regulation of smoking, drinking and gambling in the European Union

Smoking is the single largest cause of avoidable death in the European Union accounting for over half a million deaths each year. One in ten of all 11-year olds have been drunk twice or more times, possibly causing lasting physical and mental harm. Electronic gaming machines are the crack cocaine of gambling. Consumer sovereignty, on the other hand, indicates that people should be allowed to smoke as long as they do not harm others. There is sound medical evidence, furthermore, that a drink each day keeps the doctor away, while recreational gambling can be an enjoyable form of entertainment for many people. These and other salient facts about the harmful and positive effects of smoking, drinking and gambling provide the background for a dispassionate economic analysis of the taxation and regulation of these activities. The main message the studies convey is that it would be unrealistic to rely solely on duty levels and differentiation to curb abusive use. Duty levels do have a clear impact in restraining consumption by children and young adults - an important priority for policy. But complementary policies - including direct regulation and provision of information - also have a meaningful role to play in each of the markets for tobacco, alcohol and gambling.

Inj Prev

ObjectiveAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased risk of sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Alcohol use may play an important role in this relationship. This study examines whether binge drinking mediates the relationship between four ACEs and TBIs sustained in adulthood.MethodsUsing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, we conducted longitudinal mediation analyses (n=6317). Interviews occurred annually from 1979 to 1994 and biennially until 2016. We evaluated the direct and indirect effects of individual ACEs (ie, experiencing physical violence, low parental warmth, familial alcoholism and familial mental illness; reported retrospectively) and a cumulative ACEs score on mean level of binge drinking (calculated across waves) and having a TBI in adulthood. To establish temporality, we included binge drinking that was measured at age 18 or older and before any reported TBI.ResultsCumulative ACEs, familial alcoholism and physical abuse exposure were significantly associated with having a TBI through binge drinking, although this only explained a small part of the association between ACEs and TBI. Other ACEs were not significantly associated with binge drinking or TBI.ConclusionThe results indicate that while ACEs and adult TBI risk were significantly associated, lifetime binge drinking explains only a small part of the association. Future research could examine alternative social, biological and behavioural mechanisms along the pathway between ACEs and TBI. Determining this mechanism will allow public health practitioners to design and implement effective TBI prevention programmes for those at higher risk of injury due to ACE exposure.CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States

Packages of Care for Alcohol Use Disorders in Low- And Middle-Income Countries

In the fourth in a series of six articles on packages of care for mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries, Vivek Benegal and colleagues discuss the treatment of alcohol use disorders

Addressing Mild To Moderate Memory Impairment Among Young Adults (18-44 Years Old) With Alcohol Use Disorder And Dependence Through Restorative Rehabilitation Combined With Comprehensive, Evidence-Based Medical Detoxification Treatment: Integrative Review

Neurocognitive impairment especially mild to moderate stage of cognitive impairment (MCI) has been observed to be prevalent among young adults (18-44 years old) seeking treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Neurocognitive testing reveals memory impairment in key components of cognition such as attention, memory, language, reaction time and perception in varying degrees and severity among those with AUDs. Research has verified that alcohol can actually predispose individuals to what is known as alcohol related brain damage (ARBD) or alcohol related cognitive impairment (ARCI) as related to cognitive (memory) impairment. This state of brain damage often impedes treatment outcome due to poor insight to cognitive deficits, treatment non-adherence and the slower nature of its course of onset, which predisposes clients to higher rates of relapse. The primary objective of this integrative review was to identify the most effective way to improve mild to moderate memory impairment encountered among the young adult population (18-44 years old) with AUD that desired treatment. Currently with the new generation of research that aims at facilitating treatment process as well as improves treatment outcomes, this study draws strength from reviewing past literature on the applicability of implementing restorative rehabilitation in combination with comprehensive, evidence-based medical detoxification as a form of treatment for this group of people. The study equally examines the effect of the combined therapy as it translates into holistic evidence-based practice

The American Academy of Health Behavior 2024 Annual Scientific Meeting: Health Communication, (Mis-)Information, and Behavior: Leveraging Technology for Behavioral Interventions and Health Behavior Research

The American Academy of Health Behavior (AAHB) hosted its 24th Annual Scientific Meeting at The DeSoto Hotel in Savannah, Georgia on April 14-17, 2024. The meeting\u27s theme was “Health Communication, (Mis-)Information, and Behavior: Leveraging Technology for Behavioral Interventions and Health Behavior Research . This publication describes the meeting theme and includes the refereed abstracts presented at the 2024 Annual Scientific Meeting

Alcohol consumption and pre-drinking in Australian undergraduates

This thesis reports research on the application of psychological theory to predict, understand and change pre-drinking behaviour (i.e., consuming alcohol prior to attending a subsequent event). Three studies investigate the motivational and social-cognitive predictors of pre-drinking intentions and alcohol consumption. Two further studies based on these findings report the development and implementation of an online intervention to reduce pre-drinking alcohol consumption and related harm. Participants in the intervention reported reductions in these variables at follow-up

The Effectiveness of Gain- versus Loss-Framed Advertisements to Minimize Hazardous Drinking among University Students: A Test of Regulatory Fit

University binge drinking is a concern. Traditionally, social norms marketing campaigns have been employed. Regulatory focus theory – based on the premise that behavior is driven either by the motivation to maximize gains (promotion) or to minimize losses (prevention) – offers an alternative approach to crafting persuasive appeals in this population. This study investigated the effectiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed advertisements in lowering drinking intentions in a university sample. It further explored whether the effects were moderated by regulatory focus – primed and dispositional – and trait reactance. Online surveys were completed by 208 Introductory Psychology students (51.7% female, mean age = 19.0 [SD =1.78]). Message framing did not interact with regulatory focus to create regulatory fit. However, those high in promotion focus and females were more responsive to the ads, particularly the loss-framed ones, whereas those high in reactance were less responsive to the ads. Implications for tailoring anti-binge drinking ads are discussed. Keywords: alcohol, message framing, reactance, regulatory focus, universit