The Birth of Brand: 4000 Years of Branding History

This paper seeks to show that brands are as old as civilization. It derives evidence of branding, in various forms, from important historical periods beginning 2250 BCE in the Indus Valley through to 300 BCE Greece. This evidence is compared with modern research directed toward developing a meaning of “brand”. We observe a gradual transition from a more utilitarian provision of information regarding origins and quality to the addition of more complex brand image characteristics over time. Including status/power, added value and finally, the development of brand personality.brand; proto-brand; ancient world; brand personality

The construction of a social studies vocabulary test for teachers in training.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

On Elkenah as Canaanite El

Many easily recognizable Hebrew words and names can be found in the Book of Abraham. One name that hasn’t had a concrete meaning attached to it, however, is Elkenah. In this article, Barney addresses whether Elkenah is a person, place, or name; what its possible linguistic structures are; and what it might mean. Most importantly, Barney links Elkenah with the Canaanite god El and the attending cult—a cult that practiced human sacrifice. This has significant ramifications for the Book of Abraham, which has been criticized for its inclusion of human sacrifice. Assuming a northern location for the city Ur and taking Elkenah as the Canaanite El resolve the issue of child sacrifice in the Book of Abraham

Phoenicians, Cypriots and Euboeans in the Northern Aegean

This paper discusses the Phoenician presence in the Northern Aegean basin, as suggested by the ancientGreek authors, in the light of new archaeological discoveries from the area. It examines the few Cypriot,Phoenician and Phoenician-style objects, which were either imported or locally produced in the far northof the Aegean during the late 8th - early 7th c. B.C. This paper views them as reverberations of the activePhoenician commercial and manufacturing involvement in the southern Aegean. Moreover, an emphasisis placed on the role that Cyprus possibly played as a link between Phoenicia and the Aegean. The natureand volume of goods from the Eastern Mediterranean discovered in the Northern Aegean points towardsmixed cargo ships. It also indicates a Greek (Euboean)-Phoenician cooperation rather than a direct linkwith the Levantine coast, although a small number of Phoenician craftsmen could have been resident inthe Northern Aegean. It is argued that it’s possible to outline different patterns of interaction betweenEastern Mediterranean people and Greeks (Euboeans) in the Thermaic Gulf and with local Thracians eastof river Strymon

"Mahtava ja ylhäinen kansa": Refaimin historiallisuuden uudelleenarviointi

The present study seeks to answer the following all-encompassing question: who were the Rephaim? This inquiry is founded upon the hypothesis that said group was noted in ancient texts for its status as powerful warriors. Beyond demonstrating this martial disposition another major objective is that of proving their general character as temporal actors rather than supernatural and mythical figures, the latter being the view asserted by much of modern scholarship. The primary sources employed are particularly the relevant biblical and Ugaritic texts that mention the Rephaim, yet the brief Phoenician writings attesting to said group are considered as well. Additionally, various other ancient texts, especially those of Egyptian provenance, provide important circumstantial information about the periods, regions, and events relevant to the Rephaim. Naturally related academic literature is consulted throughout such qualitative research. As is typical for such a highly interdisciplinary field as Ancient Near East studies, the present study also avails itself of archaeological data when possible. Linguistic factors too figure prominently as there often remain ambiguities as to the most correct interpretation of the dead languages in which the relevant primary sources were written. Besides the primary sources utilized, especially since the rediscovery of the ancient city of Ugarit in 1928, a rich scholarly tradition has grown around the study of the Rephaim, or Rapiuma, as they appear in the Ugaritic context. It is to this discussion that the present study contributes, and by so doing, provides fresh perspectives on the matter at hand. What differentiates the present study from most other contemporary investigations into the Rephaim is its favorable estimation of the biblical record as an important and relevant historical source. Indeed, it is the wholly temporal biblical portrayal of the Rephaim that helps highlight such equally non-supernatural characteristics in the more fragmentary and indefinite Ugaritic texts as well. In conclusion, the present study may proclaim that it adequately reaches all the goals it has set for itself. What follows then is a summary of the research results. Ancient texts indicate that the Rephaim were active in the Levant, especially its more southern regions, from at least the 19th century B.C. onwards. They appear to have been strongly linked with the Amorite expansion in the Middle Bronze Age Near East. In the 15th century B.C. the group is claimed to have been destroyed from much of their traditional Levantine territories. The Rephaim seem to have disappeared as an extant people sometime prior to the end of the Late Bronze Age. Yet they lived on in 1st millennium B.C. biblical and Phoenician texts as literary archetypes of once powerful ancient figures. The present study plausibly corroborates the hypothesized status of the Rephaim as a temporal people of evidently historical significance rather than mere supernatural and mythical entities. Confirmed is also their warlike and often even kingly status, which evinces an elevated standing in their respective societies. Moreover, clarification of the typically misconstrued nature of the Rephaim results in an improved understanding of the ancient Levant in general, particularly as pertains to its Amorite heritage in the Bronze Age

Identifying the Stones of Classical Hebrew

Since the translation of the Septuagint in the 3rd century BCE, scholars have attempted to identify the stones that populate the biblical text. This study rejects the long-standing reliance on ancient translations for identifying biblical stones. Despite the evident contradictions and historical inconsistencies, scholars traditionally presumed these translations to be reliable. By departing from this approach, this volume presents a novel synthesis of comparative linguistics and archeogemological data. Through rigorous analysis of valid cognates, it establishes correlations between Hebrew stone names and their counterparts in ancient languages, corresponding to known mineral species. This methodological shift enables a more accurate identification of stones mentioned in biblical texts, thus recovering their true historical context. The research not only advances our understanding of biblical mineralogy but also provides a fresh perspective on the material culture of the Ancient Levant, offering valuable insights for scholars and laymen, linguists and archaeologists alike

Contributions of the archaeology of Palestine and the Near East to our knowledge of the religion of Israel ..

Typewritten sheets in cover. Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University This item was digitized by the Internet Archive. Bibliography: 3 p. at end