7 research outputs found

    An Integrated Conceptual Framework for RFID Enabled Healthcare

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    Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is a wireless communication technology that facilitates automatic identification and data capture without human intervention. Since 2000s, RFID applications in the health care industry are increasing.ย  RFID has brought many improvements in areas like patient care, patient safety, equipment tracking, resource utilization, processing time reduction and so on. On the other hand, often deployment of RFID is questioned on the issues like high capital investment, technological complexity, and privacy concerns. Exploration of existing literature indicates the presence of works on the topics like asset management, patient management, staff management, institutional advantages, and organizational issues. However, most of the works are focused on a particular issue. Still now, scholarly attempts to integrate all the facades of RFID-enabled healthcare are limited. In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework that represents the scope for implementation of this technology and the various dimensions of RFID-enabled healthcare and demonstrate them in detail. Also, we have discussed the critical issues that can prove to be potential barriers to its successful implementation and current approaches to resolving these. We also discuss some of the regulatory initiatives encouraging its adoption in the healthcare industry. Also, we have highlighted the future research opportunities in this domain

    A review of challenges and barriers implementing RFID technology in the Healthcare sector

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    ยฉ 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. The healthcare industry is progressively involved in adopting new technologies to provide improved quality of care given to patients. The implementation of RFID technology has globally impacted several industries and this revolution has improved the aspects of service delivery in the healthcare industry as well. The RFID technology has the potential to track medical assets and interact with almost any of the medical devices, pharmaceutical materials, IT equipment, or individual patients, deployed in hospitals all over the world. The motivation behind this paper is to investigate the advantages and obstacles to implement RFID technology in the healthcare sector highlighted in the literature. Further, we highlight the most possible methods or technologies to be adapted to overcome the limitations of implementation

    ARCHITECTURE CONCEPTS FOR VALUE NETWORKS IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY

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    Value networks are one of the main forms of value creation today. Suppliers, manufacturers and customers form a dynamic collaboration structure. Networks and companies alike are always subject to external and internal influences which require changes in the way things are done. To make sure that the required changes take their intended effect, they have to be implemented on all levels of the enterprise architecture (EA). Research with respect to EA in value networks in the service industry (VNSI) is only in its beginnings. To understand the state of the art, we analyzed 88 papers with respect to the architecture layers in VNSI. Since we base on the fact that a successful introduction of change, e.g. new IT solutions, requires a holistic view on EA, we analyzed the papers according to their covering of the different levels of an EA. Our hypothesis is that most of the papers only cover very specific aspects without positioning their proposed solution in a holistic context. We propose a reference model based on a literature review as well as the results of the paper analysis. This reference model allows for a positioning of solutions in a holistic context and with that adds to a better basis for implementing change in VNSI

    Rfid-based business process and workflow management in healthcare:design and implementation

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    The healthcare system in the United States is considered one of the most complex systems and has encountered challenges related to patient safety concerns, escalating costs, and unpredictable outcomes. Many of these problems share a common cause - a lack of efficient business process management and visibility into the real-time location, status, and condition of medical resources. The goal of this research is to propose a newly integrated system to model, automate, and monitor healthcare business processes using an automatic data collection technology to record the timing and location of activities and identify their various resources. This dissertation makes several contributions to the design and implementation of RFID-based business process and workflow management in healthcare. First, I propose a road map to implement RFID in hospitals with performance matrixes for technology evaluation, key criteria for resolution level setting, and business rules for information extraction. Second, RFID-based business process management (BPM) concepts and workflow technologies are used to transform the reprocessing procedures in a Sterile Processing Department (SPD) for the purpose of reducing infections caused by unclean reusable medical equipment. In the proposed pattern for healthcare business process management, the importance of execution status control is emphasized as a key component to handle complex and dynamic healthcare processes. A five-level framework for service-oriented business process management is designed for SPDs to share information, integrate distributed systems, and manage heterogeneous resources among multiple stakeholders. This research proposes a healthcare workflow system as a deliverable solution to manage the execution phase of reprocessing procedures, which supports the design, execution, monitoring, and automation of services supplied in SPDs. RFID techniques are adopted to collect relative real-time data for SPD performance management. Finally, by identifying key architectural requirements, the subsystems of a service-oriented architecture for the SPD workflow prototyping system, SPDFLOW, are discussed in detail. This research is the first attempt to explore healthcare workflow technologies in the SPD domain to improve the quality of reusable medical equipment and ensure patient safety

    Evaluating information flow in medication management process in Australian acute care facilities: A multi-professional perspective

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    Over the years, various interventions have been introduced to improve the medication management process. While these interventions have addressed some aspects predisposing the process to inefficiencies, significant gaps are still prevalent across the process. Studies have suggested that the goal of optimal medication therapy is achievable when information flow integrates across the various medication management process phases, stakeholders and departments involved as the patient moves through the process. To provide a cross-sectional view of the process, this study utilised a systemic philosophy to evaluate the information flow integration across the process. The research approach adopted for this study takes a positivist paradigm, which is guided by the cause and effect (causality) belief. It explored numeric measures to evaluate the relationship between constructs that assessed information flow principles (accessibility, timeliness, granularity and transparency) within the medication process and the information integration. The research design was cross-sectional and analytical, and this ensures that findings are relevant to current situations across the Australian healthcare system. Data for this research was collected using an online self-administered survey and the data assessed information flow principles and technologies used in the medication management process. There were 88 participants in this study, including doctors, nurses and pharmacists. The questions and responses were coded for analysis and data analysis techniques used were frequency analysis, Pearsonโ€™s chi-square test and multivariate analysis. Findings from this study indicates that the constructs evaluating accessibility, transparency and granularity had moderate associations with the information integration in the medication management process. Further analysis highlighted accessibility as a significant principle in explaining an increase or decrease in information integration in the medication management process. The accessibility construct referring to information retrieval was significant across the two tests conducted. Accessibility is directly related to information sharing and the assessment and monitoring and evaluation phases in the medication management process were identified as having the highest challenges with information sharing. Furthermore, the hybrid (electronic and paper) channel was preferred to support information integration in the medication management process by the participants. Among the technologies evaluated for the medication process, computer-provider-order-entry was found to be statistically significant in explaining an increase in information integration. Overall, results from this study suggest that interventions for the medication management process in Australian acute care facilities should be directed towards improving accessibility, specifically information retrieval and the sharing of information with emphasis on the assessment and monitoring phases. Implementing strategies to address the gaps identified from this research can improve information integration across the process and thereby reducing medication errors, and improving patient care management. Furthermore, the technology adoption across the process highlights that technology adoption across participantsโ€™ facilities remains a challenge in Australia

    ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ RFID ๋„์ž… ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ -์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ-

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์ •๊ด‘ํ˜ธ.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 2013๋…„ ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž… ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 2013๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ ์ธ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ(๋„๊ตฌ)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ์ถ” ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค์น˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋ณด์กฐํ•ด์™”๋‹ค(์„œ์šธ์‹œ, 2016). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  2๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 2015 ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋‚ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ์•ฝ 20%์—์„œ๋งŒ RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ๋„์ž…๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ RFID ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ? ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹ ํ•˜์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋‚ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ 2081๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(logistic analysis)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋„์ž…์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์ง์ (์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€) ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ RFID ๋„์ž…์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ฌด ์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋งˆํฌ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ• ์œผ๋กœ PSM-DID ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ํšจ ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  RFID ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž…์ด ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์  ๊ด€์  ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์„ฑ๋ถ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ถ„์„ ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ ์ธ์ƒ์ด ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•จ์„ ์‹ค์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ ์–ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ Ascher(1987), Brunner(1996), deLeon(1994) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ • ์ฑ…ํ•™์˜ ์‹คํŒจ ์›์ธ์€ (1) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ(technocratic orientation) ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ •์น˜/๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ, (2) ๋ถ„์„์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜(analytical error)๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์˜ ์™œ๊ณก๊ณผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ, (3) ๋„๊ตฌ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ(intstrumental rationality)์˜ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ง€ ์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ • ์ฑ…ํ•™์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํŒจ์›์ธ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์“ฐ๋ ˆ ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ๋„์ž…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ๋„์ž… ์š”์ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋„์ž… ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ RFID ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š” ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ RFID ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ž์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ— ์–ด๋‚˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘ ์šฉ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ž… ์š”์ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ RFID ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋„์ž… ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์‹ค์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์–ธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„œ์šธ ์‹œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋„์ž…์š”์ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ •์ฑ… ๋„์ž… ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ€๊ฒŸํŒ…๊ณผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์ƒ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋ฐํžˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž… ์ „์—๋Š” ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ ์ถœํ•œ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘ ์—ญ์‹œ/๋„๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜(ํ™์„ฑํ›ˆ, 2001) ๊ฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹(Houtven and Morris, 1999)์œผ ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆํฌ๊ตฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ 73๊ฐœ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ DID ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์“ฐ ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋„๊ตฌ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ์ด์ „์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ ์šธ์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ตฌ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ • ์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์™œ ๋„์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€, ํ˜น์€ ๋„์ž…์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ… ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์ž…์ด ์ง€์—ฐ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ ์ € ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜์–ด์™”๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํƒœ๋งŒ (social loafing)๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ(free riding) ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ DID ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ง€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค RFID๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ž‘๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์ธก์ •์ด ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ์ž‘๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ํƒœ์—…, ์กฐ์ง ์ดํƒˆ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ์„ธ(emission fee)์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์—ผ์„ธ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™์‹œ์ผœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ ์ž ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์ด ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์‹ค์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ ๋ธŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ์ž‘๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜์‹  ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์žฌ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ” ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์— ์„œ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ์œจ์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๊พ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ ๊ณผ์  ์ž‘๋™์„ ๊พ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ค‘ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ ๋ธŒ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ ํ•˜์—์„œ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ ์  ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ์žˆ์–ด RFID ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋„์ž…์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ •์ฑ… ๋„์ž…์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด RFID ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์‹ค์ฆ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€(2013)์—์„œ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ •๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ธ ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ RFID ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ RFID ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ ๊ทน์  ๋„์ž…์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋„์ž… ์š” ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋„์ž…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋Š” ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ค‘ RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์€ ์–ด ๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋„์ž…์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ ์กด๋ถ„์„(survival analysis)๋ฒ•, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•จ์ˆ˜(hazard function) ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ ์šธ์‹œ 25๊ฐœ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 2๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ณ์€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์— ์ง๋ฉด ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์™€ ๋‹จ์ง€๋ณ„ ์ข… ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ DID ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜๋งค์นญ(Propensity Score Matching)๋ฒ• ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ 1๋Œ€ 1 ๋งค์นญ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ด ์ค‘ํ†ต์ œ(Doubly Robust Estimation)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ DID๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋งค์นญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํŒ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๋‹จ์œ„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์› ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์…• ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜ ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰์ •๋™ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์‹  ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ํ•„์š” ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 6 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 9 ์ œ 2์žฅ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์™€ RFID ๊ธฐ์ˆ  13 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ 13 1. ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 13 1) ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 13 2) ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 15 2. ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 18 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์ˆ˜๋‹จ(policy instruments) 20 1. ์ •์ฑ…์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์˜ 20 2. ์ •์ฑ…์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 20 3. McDonell๊ณผ Elmore์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์œ ํ˜• 22 4. ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์™€ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ 27 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ 32 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ 32 2. RFID ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹(๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ) 37 3. ์ฃผํƒํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ„ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ 39 1) ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ(์•„ํŒŒํŠธ) 40 2) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์›(๋‹จ๋…์ฃผํƒ, ์†Œํ˜•์Œ์‹์ , ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰๋ฐฐ์ถœ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ) 41 ์ œ 4์ ˆ RFID ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ 42 1. RFID๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋„์ž… 42 2. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 43 3. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 45 1) ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ(์•„ํŒŒํŠธ) 45 2) ๋‹จ๋…์ฃผํƒ 46 3) ์†Œํ˜• ์Œ์‹์ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰๋ฐฐ์ถœ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ 47 ์ œ 5์ ˆ RFID ๊ธฐ์ˆ  48 1. RFID ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 48 1) RFID ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 48 2) RFID ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 50 (1) ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ (Defense and Security) 50 (2) ์‹๋ณ„ (Identification) 52 (3) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ(Enviromental application) 53 (4) ๊ตํ†ต(Transportation) 55 (5) ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€ (Healthcare and Welfare) 56 (6) ๋†์ถ•์‚ฐ์—… (Agriculture and Livestock) 58 2. RFID ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  60 ์ œ 3์žฅ RFID์˜ ๋„์ž… ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 67 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์„œ๋ก  67 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  72 1. ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋„์ž… ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ ์ด๋ก  72 1) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 72 2) ํ˜์‹  ํ™•์‚ฐ ์ด๋ก (Innovation Diffusion Theory) 76 3) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ชจํ˜•(Technology Acceptance Model) 79 4) ์กฐ์ง-๊ธฐ์ˆ -ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ชจํ˜• (TOE model) 82 (1) TOE ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 82 (2) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ 84 (3) ์กฐ์ง์  ์š”์ธ 87 (4) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ 90 (5) ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ 91 2. ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ 92 1) ์บ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจํ˜•(Chasm model) 92 2) Technology Hype ๋ชจํ˜• 94 3. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 99 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 105 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 105 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 105 2) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 106 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 107 1) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”์ธ 107 2) ์กฐ์ง์  ์š”์ธ 109 3) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ 111 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜• 114 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 115 1) ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• 115 2) ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 115 3) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 116 5. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 118 ์ œ 4์ ˆ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 126 1. ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 126 1) ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 126 2) ๋…๋ฆฝ/ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 140 (1) ์—ฐ์†ํ˜• ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 140 (2) ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 143 2. ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(logistic regression analysis) 144 ์ œ 5์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 150 ์ œ 4์žฅ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ ๋„์ž…ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 153 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์„œ๋ก  153 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  157 1. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 157 2. ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ํ˜„์ƒ 164 3. ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 169 4. ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ 175 1) ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 175 2) ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ 179 5. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 180 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 185 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 185 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 189 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜• 191 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 195 5. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 199 ์ œ 4์ ˆ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 203 1. ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 203 1) ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜(propensity score) ๋ถ„์„ 203 2) ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 206 3) ๋…๋ฆฝ/ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 211 2. ์ด์ค‘์ฐจ๊ฐ๋ฒ•(Difference in Difference) ๋ถ„์„ 214 ์ œ 5์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 219 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ ์ธ์ƒํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 221 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์„œ๋ก  221 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  225 1. ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰์ œ์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 225 2. ์˜ค์—ผ์„ธ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ณผ 227 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 231 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 231 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 231 2) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 234 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 234 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜• 236 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 240 5. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 242 ์ œ 4์ ˆ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 245 1. ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 245 1) ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 245 2) ๋…๋ฆฝ/ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 254 2. ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ถ„์„ 259 1) ์ตœ์ ์‹œ์ฐจ ์„ ์ • 259 2) ๋‹จ์œ„๊ทผ(unitroot) ๊ฒ€์ • 260 3) ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ถ„์„ 262 ์ œ 5์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 270 ์ œ 6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  273 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 273 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 276 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ 276 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 281 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 284 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 287 327 ์˜๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 329Docto

    An investigation into the aspects of innovation within the downstream domain of the pharmaceutical supply chain

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    An investigation into the aspects of innovation within the downstream domain of the pharmaceutical supply chain This research evaluates the implementation of innovative programmes within the downstream domain of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain (PSC). Pharmacies are considered as key links between healthcare services and patients because they are responsible for dispensing and managing pharmaceuticals in order to prolong life. Considering the healthcare organisationsโ€˜ crucial role and that they face the challenge of minimising the cost of healthcare services while enhancing service quality, healthcare organisations tend to try improvement approaches and innovative interventions to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. Specifically, they tend to focus on improving their Supply Chain Management (SCM) in order to reduce waste, in particular with regards to their medicine expenditure, and to provide improved services. However, implementing innovation within the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain (PSC) is not yet adequate; at present there appears to be a lack of experience and knowledge of how such initiatives should be undertaken. Research that examines potential innovative contributions might therefore make a defined contribution to the sector. This research, therefore, aims to assess the current medicine delivery process and identify the issues responsible for weak process performances and the factors that influence pharmaciesโ€˜ innovativeness within two diverse European contexts, the UK and Greece. An exploratory research design, embracing a mixed-methods approach, was used to analyse the issues associated with PSC inefficiency and assess to what extent innovation could be adopted by hospital and community pharmacies to improve the delivery process of pharmaceutical products. The qualitative data was gathered through 30 interviews with key professionals working within the downstream domain of the PSC in the two selected geographical areas. A total of 21 in-depth interviews in the UK and 9 in Greece were conducted to examine the elements preventing the effective and efficient delivery of medicines. Simultaneously, an online survey was developed to collect the quantitative data. The final sample (N=130) consisted of specialists working within the down stream domain of the PSC in Greece and the UK. The quantitative data analysis aimed to identify the factors that support or prevent innovation within this specific and complex environment. The analysis and combination of these two sets of data enabled the researcher to gain a comprehensive understanding and recommend innovative solutions that are suitable to the system under investigation, leading to continuous improvement. This research contriputes to academic literature as it adds more theoritical insights to innovative delively processes, especially those that have been characterised as highly complex. The results led to the generation of the Innovative Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Framework (IPSCF) that provides guidelines to healthcare organisations about how the identified problems can be overcome by implementing suitable innovative techniques. The implementation of Lean and Reverse Logistics practices, which are supported by integrated Information Technology (IT) systems, are suggested as a means for healthcare organisations to enhance their delivery system in terms of quality (products and service quality), visibility (knowledge and information sharing), speed (respond to customers and suppliers needs) and cost (minimisation of cost and waste) and therefore generate a competitive edge. The studyโ€˜s recommendations have important implications for pharmacies, as they provide guidance regards suitable innovative programmes that can be adopted. The outputs of this research are specifically relevant to the pharmacy sectors of the UK and Greece, but may have also relevance for European healthcare organisations
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