4 research outputs found

    Sound-localization-related activation and functional connectivity of dorsal auditory pathway in relation to demographic, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics in age-related hearing loss

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    BackgroundPatients with age-related hearing loss (ARHL) often struggle with tracking and locating sound sources, but the neural signature associated with these impairments remains unclear.Materials and methodsUsing a passive listening task with stimuli from five different horizontal directions in functional magnetic resonance imaging, we defined functional regions of interest (ROIs) of the auditory โ€œwhereโ€ pathway based on the data of previous literatures and young normal hearing listeners (n =โ€‰20). Then, we investigated associations of the demographic, cognitive, and behavioral features of sound localization with task-based activation and connectivity of the ROIs in ARHL patients (n =โ€‰22).ResultsWe found that the increased high-level region activation, such as the premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule, was associated with increased localization accuracy and cognitive function. Moreover, increased connectivity between the left planum temporale and left superior frontal gyrus was associated with increased localization accuracy in ARHL. Increased connectivity between right primary auditory cortex and right middle temporal gyrus, right premotor cortex and left anterior cingulate cortex, and right planum temporale and left lingual gyrus in ARHL was associated with decreased localization accuracy. Among the ARHL patients, the task-dependent brain activation and connectivity of certain ROIs were associated with education, hearing loss duration, and cognitive function.ConclusionConsistent with the sensory deprivation hypothesis, in ARHL, sound source identification, which requires advanced processing in the high-level cortex, is impaired, whereas the rightโ€“left discrimination, which relies on the primary sensory cortex, is compensated with a tendency to recruit more resources concerning cognition and attention to the auditory sensory cortex. Overall, this study expanded our understanding of the neural mechanisms contributing to sound localization deficits associated with ARHL and may serve as a potential imaging biomarker for investigating and predicting anomalous sound localization

    ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•„๋™๊ฐ€์กฑํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์ด์ˆœํ˜•.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‹œโ€ง์ฒญ๊ฐ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 1ใ€‘์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ์™€ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„, ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹(๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€? ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 2ใ€‘์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹(์‹œ๊ฐ-์‹œ๊ฐ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ-์ฒญ๊ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€? ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 3ใ€‘์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹(์‹œ๊ฐ-์ฒญ๊ฐ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ-์‹œ๊ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์œ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” E-prime software๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์„œ์šธ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ถฉ์ฒญ, ์ „๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘๊ณผ ์œ ์น˜์›์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋งŒ 5์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์•„ 140๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์ž„์˜๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ (๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„ 70๋ช…), ๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹œ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS 20 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท , ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ • ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„, ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธ t-๊ฒ€์ฆ, ๋…๋ฆฝํ‘œ๋ณธ t-๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์œ ์•„์˜ 1์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , 2์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ, ์œ ์•„์˜ 1์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ 2์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ์™€ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹(๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ, ์œ ์•„์˜ 2์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์งง์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹(์‹œ๊ฐ-์‹œ๊ฐ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ-์ฒญ๊ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ-์ฒญ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ-์‹œ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ, ์œ ์•„์˜ 1์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ 2์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹(์‹œ๊ฐ-์ฒญ๊ฐ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ-์‹œ๊ฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๊ฐ-์‹œ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ-์ฒญ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ, ์œ ์•„์˜ 1์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ 2์ฐจ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ์™€ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ ๋•Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋งŒ ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œโ€ง์ฒญ๊ฐ ๋‹ค์ค‘์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ต์œกํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก ์‹ค์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.โ… . ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 8 1. ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 8 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 8 2) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ 10 2. ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 13 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 13 2) ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 16 3) ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 19 3. ๊ณผ์ œ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 21 1) ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 21 2) ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 22 3) ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 24 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 28 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 28 2. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 30 1) ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ 30 2) ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 30 3) ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 31 4) ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ 31 5) ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„ 31 6) ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹ 32 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 33 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 33 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 34 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 48 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 50 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 51 1. ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ, ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„, ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 51 1) ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 51 2) ์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 53 3) ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 57 4) ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 63 2. ๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 67 1) ๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 67 2) ๋™์ผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด(์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ, ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„) ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ 68 3. ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 73 1) ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์‘๊ธฐ 73 2) ์ด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด(์ž๊ทน๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ, ๊ณผ์ œ ๋‚œ์ด๋„) ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ 76 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 82 1) ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 82 2) ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 87 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 93 ๋ถ€๋ก 105 ABSTRACT 109Docto

    Assessing the impact of emotion in dual pathway models of sensory processing.

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    In our daily environment, we are constantly encountering an endless stream of information which we must be able to sort and prioritize. Some of the features that influence this are the emotional nature of stimuli and the emotional context of events. Emotional information is often given preferential access to neurocognitive resources, including within sensory processing systems. Interestingly, both auditory and visual systems are divided into dual processing streams; a ventral object identity/perception stream and a dorsal object location/action stream. While effects of emotion on the ventral streams are relatively well defined, its effect on dorsal stream processes remains unclear. The present thesis aimed to investigate the impact of emotion on sensory systems within a dual pathway framework of sensory processing. Study I investigated the role of emotion during auditory localization. While undergoing fMRI, participants indicated the location of an emotional or non-emotional sound within an auditory virtual environment. This revealed that the neurocognitive structures displaying activation modulated by emotion were not the same as those modulated by sound location. Emotion was represented in regions associated with the putative auditory โ€˜whatโ€™ but not โ€˜whereโ€™ stream. Study II examined the impact of emotion on ostensibly similar localization behaviours mediated differentially by the dorsal versus ventral visual processing stream. Ventrally-mediated behaviours were demonstrated to be impacted by the emotional context of a trial, while dorsally-mediated behaviours were not. For Study III, a motion-aftereffect paradigm was used to investigate the impact of emotion on visual area V5/MT+. This area, traditionally believed to be involved in dorsal stream processing, has a number of characteristics similar to a ventral stream structure. It was discovered that V5/MT+ activity was modulated both by presence of perceptual motion and emotional content of an image. In addition, this region displayed patterns of functional connectivity with the amygdala that were significantly modulated by emotion. Together, these results suggest that emotional information modulates neural processing within ventral sensory processing streams, but not dorsal processing streams. These findings are discussed with respect to current models of emotional and sensory processing, including amygdala connections to sensory cortices and emotional effects on cognition and behaviour

    Characterizing the Familiar-Voice Benefit to Intelligibility

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    Everyday listening often occurs in the presence of background noise. Listeners with normal hearing can often successfully segregate competing sounds from the signal of interest. To do this, listeners exploit a variety of cues to facilitate the separation of simultaneous sounds into separate sources, and group sequential sounds into intelligible speech streams. One of the cues that has been shown to be an effective facilitator of speech intelligibility is familiarity with a talkerโ€™s voice. A recent study by Johnsrude et al. (2013) measured speech intelligibility of a naturally familiar voice (i.e., that of a long-term spouse) and showed a large improvement in intelligibility when a spouseโ€™s voice serves as the target or the masker. This improvement is commensurate with another cue that is well-understood to be a strong facilitator of intelligibility: spatially separating two speech streams. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to extend the work of Johnsrude et al. (2013) by providing a clearer understanding of voice familiarity as a cue for improving intelligibility. Specifically, the aims of this thesis are 1) to measure the magnitude of intelligibility benefit of different types of naturally familiar voices: friends and spouses, (2) to quantify the familiar-voice benefit in terms of degrees of spatial separation, and (3) to compare the neural bases of voice familiarity and spatial release from masking to determine if these cues improve intelligibility by recruiting similar areas of the brain. The primary findings of this thesis were that 1) the familiar-voice benefit of friends and spouses are comparable to each other and that relationship duration does not affect the magnitude of the familiar-voice benefit, (2) that participants gain a similar benefit from a familiar target as when an unfamiliar voice is separated from two symmetrical maskers by approximately 15ยฐ azimuth, and (3) that familiar voices and spatial release from masking both activate known temporal voice areas, but attending to an unfamiliar target voice when masked by a familiar voice also recruits attention areas. Taken together, this thesis illustrates the effectiveness of a naturally familiar target voice in improving intelligibility
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