Genetic analysis of strain differences in pre-laying behaviour in the fowl: an ethological and genetic analysis of differences in the pre-laying behaviour of two strains of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) confined in battery cages: a study pertaining to the evolution and adaptiveness of behaviour under conditions of natural and artificial selection

This thesis deals with the description and analysis of the pre-laying behaviour of two strains of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domestlcus) in battery cages. Hens from one of these strains, known as the S line, showed stereotyped pacing behaviour before laying. Hens from the other strain, known as the T line, showed little or no pacing behaviour and tended to sit.Selection over two generations, for pacing in the S line and for sitting in the T line, consistently increased both variables: indicating genetic variation in the expression of the two traits.Crosses between the two lines, extending to backcross and Fl generations, indicated that the tendencies to pace and to sit during the pre-laying period were inherited separately. The tendency to sit appeared to be inherited additively, whereas the tendency topace (as opposed to not pacing) appeared to be inherited in adichotomous fashion, controlled by a single gene or a polygenic threshold system. Neither trait was sex-linked.It is suggested that the differences in the pre-laying behaviour of the two strains are due to differences in responsiveness to releasers for sitting behaviour. The T line generalise to sub-obtimal stimuli from the cage associated with the release of sitting behaviour; whilst the S line fail to do so,become frustrated, and in response to this frustration exhibit stereotyped pacing behaviour.The differences in the pre-laying behaviour of the two strains did not appear to be related to their responses to aversive stimuli or the frustration of feeding behaviour, or to their ability togeneralise to sub-optimal stimuli other than those associated with the release of sitting during the period before laying.Theoretical aspects of the study relelated to the genetics of behaviour and its evolution are relevant to Tinbergen's "derived" activities hypothesis, which postulates that some visual displays have been derived from the behaviour shown in response to motivational conflict or thwarting.Practical aspects of the study relate to the improvement of the welfare of domestic animals kept under intensive husbandry conditions by breeding domestic animals better adapted to life under such conditions than present day livestock

The culture of materials and leather objects in eighteenth-century England

This study of leather examines material culture in England, c.1670-1800. Following raw hide to leather, leather to object, and object to possessed commodity, this thesis traces the production, retail, and consumption of three representative leather objects: saddles, chairs and drinking vessels. The analysis of these three objects is principally informed by materials, and draws on inventories, advertisements, literary and technical texts, visual sources and ephemera, and other object types with which they shared consumption contexts, practices of making or decoration. This thesis argues, first, that the meanings consumers derived from materials, which informed their responses to objects, were created across the full life-cycle of a material: from production to consumption. Second, while leather exhibited principal properties which made it useful across several objects, its meanings and associations played out differently and unevenly across different object types. Thirdly, and consequently, in the relationship between materials and object types, objects operated as the site in which consumers could access the meaning of materials. This thesis ultimately argues, therefore, that historians should consider the relationship between object types and materials, in which each contributed towards the meaning that consumers derived from the other, to address consumer experiences of objects in the eighteenth century

Tattvasamgraha(panjika), sabdarthapariksaの研究

博士（文学）佛教大